NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Exam |
Correctly Answered and Graded A+ |
Latest 2024/2025 Guide | Herzing
Which one of the following is a common cause of hypokalemia?
Renal failure
Overuse of potassium-sparing diuretics
Diarrhea
Lack of vitamin D - Correct Answer - Diarrhea
A primary cause of hyperkalemia is:
hyperparathyroidism.
hypoparathyroidism.
anorexia.
renal failure. - Correct Answer - Renal Failure
Therefore renal failure that results in oliguria (urine output of 30 ml/hr or
less) can cause hyperkalemia because of decreased renal excretion of
potassium
Describe the process of osmolality. - Correct Answer - A variety of
electrolytes are needed for physiologic processes. The number of
electrolytes present in the body water determines the osmolality
(concentration) of the body water compartment. Osmolality refers to the
,proportion of solute to solvent, or, to put it another way, the number of
electrolytes compared with the volume of water in any compartment. The
terms osmolality and osmolarity are often used interchangeably.
Osmolality is the solute concentration when measured per kilogram of
fluid, whereas osmolarity is the solute concentration when measured per
liter of fluid.
What is meant by isotonic state and homeostasis? - Correct Answer -
When there is an ideal proportion of electrolyte to water content in the
body, the body is in an isotonic state. This is the state that the body
constantly strives to maintain, which is termed osmotic equilibrium.
Under normal osmotic equilibrium conditions, the intracellular and
extracellular compartments of the body are dominated by a different set
of electrolytes, both anion and cation portions.
The distribution of fluid between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the
extracellular fluid volume (ECV) occurs by what process? - Correct
Answer - the distribution of fluid between the ICF and the ECF occurs by
osmosis. Normally the intracellular fluid (ICF) is not subject to rapid
changes in osmolality. However, when changes to the extracellular fluid
(ECF) osmolality occur, water moves from the compartment with lower
osmolality to the compartment with higher osmolality until osmotic
equilibrium is reestablished (see image).
Describe how the water moves between the vascular and interstitial
compartments. Be sure you understand the difference between capillary
hydrostatic pressure, interstitial oncotic pressure, capillary oncotic
,pressure, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure, including regulating
forces. - Correct Answer - Hydrostatic pressure is always a PUSH.
Oncotic pressure is always a PULL.
***The terms capillary or interstitial tell you WHERE the action is
occurring.
Forces Moving Fluid from the Capillaries into the Interstitial
Compartment: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (an example of this is blood
pressure) - Correct Answer - Outward push of the vascular fluid against
the capillary walls
Forces Moving Fluid from the Capillaries into the Interstitial
Compartment: Interstitial oncotic pressure - Correct Answer - Inward-
pulling force of particles in the interstitial fluid (for example, sodium - acts
as a water magnet)
Forces Moving Fluid from the Interstitial Compartment into the
Capillaries: Capillary oncotic pressure - Correct Answer - Inward-pulling
force of particles in the vascular fluid (for example, protein - acts as a
water magnet)
Forces Moving Fluid from the Interstitial Compartment into the
Capillaries: Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answer -
, Outward push of the interstitial fluid against the outside of the capillary
walls
How does an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure cause edema? -
Correct Answer - Blood volume increases and blood pressure rises
throughout the cardiovascular system. The increase in pressure raises
capillary hydrostatic pressure, in turn increasing filtration and reducing
absorption processes, leading to edema.
How does a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure cause edema? -
Correct Answer - n conditions where plasma proteins are reduced, e.g.
from being lost in the urine (proteinuria), there will be a reduction in
oncotic pressure and an increase in filtration across the capillary,
resulting in excess fluid buildup in the tissues (edema).
What is edema and how does it occur? Describe the process of edema. -
Correct Answer - Edema is the excessive accumulation of fluid within the
interstitial spaces. This results from fluid movement from the capillaries
or lymphatic channels into the tissues because of the following:
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