Psychology 111 - Exam 2 (U Of M: Hoeffner) With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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Psychology 111
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Psychology 111
Psychology 111 - Exam 2 (U Of M: Hoeffner) With
Complete Solutions Latest Update
Concept - -a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype - -a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to
this provides a quick and easy method for sorting items int...
Psychology 111 - Exam 2 (U Of M: Hoeffner) With
Complete Solutions Latest Update
Concept - -a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype - -a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to
this provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories. Used when
classifying objects.
Algorithm - -a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving
particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier use of heuristics. (1 of 2 problem
solving methods)
Heuristic - -a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and
solve problems efficiently; usually speedier and more error-prone that algorithms. (1 of 2
problem solving methods)
Mental set - -a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way
that has been successful in the past. when he problem changes, we can't get out of the rut
because of familiarity with the one approach.
Convergent thinking/creativity - -narrowing the available problem solutions to
determine the single best solution. tested by getting three words and explains how they are
connected.
Divergent thinking/creativity - -expanding the number of possible problem solutions;
creative thinking that separates in different directions. thinking of weird, new and unusual
uses for things.
Propositional representation - -psychological theory, developed by Dr. Zenon
Pylyshyn, that mental relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not
by mental images of the scene
Pictorial (Analog) representation - -visual representation as by photography or
painting
Kossyln's "Island" study - -Study with a little island and people have to remember
details of the island. Asks them to imagine the how far something was from another and
instead of giving a direct answer, they explained different details of the island in respect to
each other.
Functional fixedness - -a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in
the way it is traditionally used. sometimes we have a hard time solving problems because
our existed perception is fixed and hard to manipulate as needed. (box of tacks, candle,
and matches. how to attach candle to wall)
, Psychology 111 - Exam 2 (U Of M: Hoeffner) With
Complete Solutions Latest Update
Insight - -a sudden realization a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based
solutions
Confirmation bias - -a tendency to search for information that supports our
preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. to pay attention to what
one already knows.
Types of Reasoning Heuristics/Biases - -availability, framing, and overconfidence
Availability heuristic - -estimating the likelihood of events base don their availability
in memory; if instances comes readily to mind, we presume such events are common
(Type of Reasoning Heuristics/Bias)
Framing - -the way an issue is posed; the same information when presented in
different forms can lead to different decisions.(Type of Reasoning Heuristics/Bias)
Overconfidence - -the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate
the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements (Type of Reasoning Heuristics/Bias)
Types of properties of language - -arbitrarily symbolic, generative, language structure
Arbitrarily symbolic - -a linguistic sign, for example, a verbally spoken word, that
bears no obvious resemblance to the thing or concept signified. (Type of property of
language)
Generative - -an approach to linguistics whose goal is to account for the infinite set
of possible grammatical sentences in a language using a finite set of generative rules. (Type
of property of language)
Language structure - -(highest) sentence, phrase, word, morpheme, phoneme
(lowest) (Type of property of language)
Morphemes - -in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word
or a part of a word
Morphology - -branch of linguistics that studies words and their structure
Phoneme - -in a language, the smallest distinct sound unit.
Articulation - -the process of producing and using the speech sounds required for
intelligible and meaningful speech. Different phonemes are produced by our vocal
apparatus depending on the position of our tongues, lips, jaw, vocal cords, etc.
, Psychology 111 - Exam 2 (U Of M: Hoeffner) With
Complete Solutions Latest Update
Vowels - -a voiced speech noise which is generated whenever the breath flow
vibrating the vocal cords has uninhibited passage via the vocal tract
Consonants - -a spoken or unspoken speech noise which is created whenever the
vocal tract is partially or entirely contracted
Stop consonants - -the sound made by completely blocking the flow of air and then
releasing it (ba/da/ta)
Voicing - -the utilization of vocal cord vibrations to generate speech noises
(difference between si/zi)
Syntax - -a group of the rules that are used to describe how the phrases and the
words should be used in a language so that they can make a grammatically acceptable
sentence.
Universal grammar - -Noam Chomsky suggested all human languages share this. We
have a built in universal language that helps children learn a language.
Broca's area - -the region of speech located posteriorly to the inferior frontal
convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere in right-handed people (stores sound
representation of words)
Broca's aphasia - -a condition in which there is loss of the ability to produce
language in either speech or writing. Comprehension largely intact (slow halting speech)
Wernicke's area - -an area within the posterior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere
of the brain's cerebrum, consisting of nerve tissue correlated to the perception of noises
(planning and organization of speech)
Wernicke's aphasia - -a loss of the capacity to understand noises or speech ,
specifically to comprehend or repeat spoken language and to identify items or traits .
language production remains fluent but makes little sense.
Conduction aphasia - -damage to connections between Broca's area and Wernicke's
area: less severe damage to language ability, but trouble monitoring your own and others
speech and repeating back sentences
Global aphasia - -widespread damage to the left hemisphere across multiple
language areas
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