Summary Comprehensive INTL203 Lecture Notes for Sale
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Course
Intl203
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Koç University
Book
International Relations
Boost your understanding of International Relations with these meticulously compiled lecture notes from the INTL203 course. Covering key topics like anarchy in the international system, collective security, liberalism, and realism, these notes distill complex theories into clear, organized summarie...
Comprehensive INTL203 Lecture Notes for Sale (A- grade notes)
Comprehensive INTL203 Lecture Notes for Sale (A- notes)
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SUMMARY OF 1-6 LECTURES
Causes of World War I
1. Intense Nationalism: Nationalism played a crucial role as it fostered a strong sense of
identity and pride within various ethnic groups, often leading them to challenge the
authority of ruling empires. Nationalist sentiments encouraged groups to seek
independence or greater autonomy, creating tensions within and between empires.
2. Imperialist Policies: European powers were engaged in imperial expansion, competing
for territories and resources. This imperialism fueled rivalries, as each power sought to
assert its dominance and control over valuable colonies, especially in Africa and Asia.
The competition for empire-building was one of the underlying factors creating hostility
among the great powers.
3. Arms Race: The sense of insecurity and competition among European states led to a
significant buildup of military capabilities, known as the arms race. Advances in military
technology and an increase in the size of armies and navies escalated tensions. The
preparation for war among these powers further destabilized the already fragile balance
of power.
4. Shifting Alliances and Balance of Power: Europe was divided into competing alliances,
such as the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy). These alliances were meant to balance power but instead
created a rigid and divided Europe. As a result, local conflicts had the potential to
escalate into a full-scale war due to the commitment of allied states to defend each other.
Key Events of World War I
1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The assassination of the Austrian
Archduke by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo in 1914 is often cited as the immediate
trigger for World War I. This event set off a chain reaction, leading Austria-Hungary to
declare war on Serbia, drawing in allied countries and escalating the conflict into a world
war.
2. Internal Developments within the Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire, allied with
Germany and Austria-Hungary, played a significant role in the war. However, internal
struggles and nationalist movements within the empire added to the complexity, as
diverse groups within the empire sought independence.
, 3. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia: In 1917, Russia experienced the Bolshevik Revolution,
leading to the withdrawal of Russian forces from the war. This shift had a major impact
on the Eastern Front and marked the beginning of communist rule in Russia, reshaping
the political landscape of the post-war period.
4. Major Battles: The war was marked by unprecedented levels of violence, including key
battles such as:
o Battle of the Marne: This battle marked the failure of Germany's Schlieffen Plan
and the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front.
o Battle of Jutland: The largest naval battle of the war, fought between the British
Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy, highlighted the power struggle on the
seas.
5. Collapse of Empires: The war led to the collapse of major empires, including the Austro-
Hungarian, Ottoman, German, and Russian empires. This collapse facilitated the
formation of new nations and redrew the political map of Europe and the Middle East.
Impact and Aftermath of World War I
1. Human and Economic Devastation: World War I resulted in more than 16 million
deaths and widespread economic destruction. The war exhausted the resources of many
countries, leaving them in economic distress and struggling with debt and inflation in the
aftermath.
2. Rise of Fascism: The instability and economic hardships following the war created fertile
ground for fascism to rise in Germany and Italy. The Treaty of Versailles, which imposed
heavy reparations on Germany, was seen as a humiliation and fueled resentment,
contributing to the conditions that eventually led to World War II.
3. Formation of the League of Nations: To prevent future wars, the League of Nations was
established as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Spearheaded by U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson, the League aimed to resolve international disputes through diplomacy rather than
conflict. Although it ultimately failed, the League laid the groundwork for future
international cooperation efforts.
4. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: In an effort to outlaw war as a means of resolving
conflicts, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by numerous countries. While symbolic in
intent, this pact marked an important step in promoting a legal framework for peaceful
international relations.
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