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BIOL1004 Final Exam Flashcards - Cell Biology Exam Questions with Correct Answers
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BIOL1004 Final Exam Flashcards - Cell Biology Exam Questions with Correct Answers
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BIOL1004 Final Exam Flashcards - CellBiology Exam Questions with Correct
Answers
Cells - Answer-small membrane bound compartments - contain molecules in solution
forming subcellular structures
- bound by plasma membrane
Viruses - Answer-aren't considered living cells as they don't have membranes
Prokaryotic cells - Answer-small simple structures, lack of internal compartments, no
nucleus
Eukaryotic cells - Answer-more complex than bacteria, contain a variety of subcellular
organelles and a nucleus
protists - Answer-diverse single celled eukaryotes
Multicellularity (incl. advantages of it) - Answer-requires signalling and communication
b/w cells and control of cell adhesion, division and death
Advantages:
- development of a large body size (can occupy different environmental niches),
distribution of labour (diff cells develop diff capabilities), resilience (cells can die w/o
whole organism dying), surface area increase (increases TSA of organism)
light microscope - Answer-uses glass lenses to illuminate and collect light from an
object. Use green light with a wavelength of 500nm. limit of resolution is 200nm (800x
better than human eye).
confocal microscope - Answer-high-intensity focused laser, light emitted at sample
passes through pinhole before reaching detector, but not out of focus light - doesn't
degrade images
advantages:
increased resolution,
ability to collect optical sections w thick samples, generation of 3d images that can be
rotated
study of living cells and dynamic changes is possible
electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) - Answer-focuses beam of electrons onto sample
(can see smaller than 0.5 micrometers)
, TEM (transmission electron microscope) - electrons pass through sample onto screen,
cut thin section (can observe internal structure and details of sample, high resolution)
SEM (scanning electron microscope) - beam of electrons scanned across sample and
those bounced off surface of sample are shown on video monitor (greyscale) (high
resolution observes and analyses surface topography and composition of dample)
Microscopic image quality depends on... - Answer-Magnification (ratio of image size to
actual size)
Resolution (minimum distance b/w 2 distinguishable points)
Contrast (visible difference in parts of sample - can be increased by staining cell
components)
Advanced microscopy techniques - Answer-- flourescent dyes stain different parts of
cell
- immunocytochemical labelling (antibody binds to specific protein)
- genetic tagging with flourescent proteins (genes encoding flourescent proteins fused to
target gene and transformed to living cell, produces flourescent target protein that can
be see by light microscope)
Nuclear envelope - Answer-double membrane - each is a lipid bilayer,
(outer membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum)
molecules get in and out of nucleus through pores in nuclear envelope
Preparing DNA for cell division - Answer-replicate all DNA in chromosomes, nucelar
membrane breaks down, chromosomes sorted and separated (each daughter cell
receives a diploid number), cytoplasm divides - end up with 2 identical daughter cells
mitochondria - Answer-powerhouse of the cell, organelles that are the site of cellular
respiration (AKA oxidative phosphorylation)
2 compartments:
mitochondrial matrix (contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, mitochondria can
synthesise some of own proteins. includes mitochondrial membrane) and
intermembrane space.
mitochondrial membrane - Answer-double membrane Outer = highly permeable
allowing free passage of small molecules, contains different carrier proteins that
transport small charged molecules like metabolites.
Inner = highly convoluted and impermeable, folded into cristae (folds greatly increase)
cristae - Answer-Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the
electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. impermeable
to ions to allow gradient to build up b/w 2 sides of internal membrane and mitochondria
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