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WGU PHARMACOLOGY D441 with 100- correct answers.
WGU PHARMACOLOGY D441 with 100- correct answers.
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WGU PHARMACOLOGY D441 with100% correct answers
Dopaminergics (Parkinsons) - answer Mechanism: Affect dopamine
content in the brain. Levodopa converts to dopamine in nerve cells.
Examples: Levodopa (with carbidopa), Carbidopa-levodopa
Nurse Teaching: Administer with food to enhance absorption. Monitor for
involuntary movements.
Dopamine Agonists (Parkinsons) - answer Mechanism: Stimulate
dopamine receptors in the brain.
Examples: Amantadine, Bromocriptine, Pramipexole, Ropinirole HCl
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)-B Inhibitors (Parkinsons) - answer
Mechanism: Inhibit enzyme that breaks down dopamine, increasing
dopamine availability.
Examples: Selegiline HCl, Rasagiline
Catechol-o-methyl Transferase (COMT) Inhibitors (Parkinsons) - answer
Mechanism: Block enzyme that breaks down dopamine, prolonging
levodopa effects.
Examples: Entacapone, Tolcapone
Anticholinergics (Parkinsons) - answer Mechanism: Inhibit acetylcholine
activity to balance dopamine.
Examples: Trihexyphenidyl, Benztropine, Biperiden
Carbidopa-Levodopa (Parkinsons) side effects - answer Side Effects:
CNS: Involuntary movements of face, tongue, arms, and upper body;
depression; anxiety
CV: Orthostatic hypotension
GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dry mouth, flatulence
, Adverse Effects:
CNS: Involuntary movements, psychosis, depression with suicidal
tendencies
CV: Cardiac dysrhythmias
HEMA: Thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis
GI: Urinary retention
Contraindications/Cautions:
Contraindications: Glaucoma, malignant melanoma
Cautions: History of myocardial infarction (MI), dysrhythmias, asthma,
emphysema, renal/hepatic impairment, pulmonary impairment, seizure
disorder, peptic ulcer disease, depression.
Laboratory Tests:
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) levels could show an increase.
Carbidopa-Levodopa (Parkinsons) - answer Doses:
Immediate Release:PO: Three to four times a dayMaximum: Eight tablets
or 80 mg carbidopa/800 mg levodopa per dayInitial Dose: One tablet of 10
or 25 mg carbidopa/100 mg levodopaMaintenance: 25/250 mg
Extended-Release Capsules:PO: Two times a dayMaximum: 1600
mg/dayInitial Dose: 50 mg carbidopa/200 mg levodopa
Enteral Suspension:2000 mg/day over 16 hours
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption: Well-absorbed orally
Distribution: Carbidopa: 36% protein-bound; Levodopa: Unknown
Metabolism: Metabolized in the periphery by decarboxylase enzymes and
COMT
Excretion: In urine as metabolites
Onset: Immediate release: 30 minutes; extended release: 4-5 hours
Peak: Immediate release: 1-3 hours; extended release: 2-3 hours
Duration: Unknown
Half-life: 1-2 hours
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