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PHSL 1010 Test 1 Questions And 100% CorrectAnswers Latest Update
Homeostasis - ANSWER Maintenance of the body's internal environment; must respond
to environmental challenges.
Law of Mass Balance - ANSWER The law stating that the amount of substance in the
body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.
Negative feedback loop - ANSWER Something is wrong in a body system that is sensed
and there is a response that is generated which returns the system to a homeostatic
state- V(stabilizes variable).
Positive feedback loop - ANSWER Reinforces a stimulus to push a particular body
system to an extreme; usually results in a negative response but sometimes may be
positive-reinforces stimulus.
TISSUE - FOUR PRIMARY Four main tissues - ANSWER Epithelium, connective, muscle
(smooth, skeletal, cardiac), and nervous.
CELL MEMBRANE - Membrane that surrounds the cell. Cell membrane - ANSWER Outer
surface of cell with a thin layer of lipids that separated the aqueous fluids of the interior
and outside environment.
THREE MAIN LIPIDS-CELL MEMBRANE Three main types of lipids that make up cell
membrane. - ANSWER Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol.
Micelles - ANSWER Small droplets with a single layer of phospholipids arranged so that
the interior of micelle if filled with hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
,Liposomes - ANSWER Larger spheres with bilayer phospholipid walls.
Sphingolipids - ANSWER Have fatty acid tails, but their heads may be either
phospholipids or glycolipids.
Cholesterol - ANWER Are mostly hydrophobic, insert themselves between the
hydrophilic heads of phospholipids. Helps make membranes impermeable to small
water-soluble molecules and keeps membranes flexible over a wide range of
temperatures.
Integral proteins - ANWER Tightly bound to the membrane, and the only way they ca be
removed is by disrupting the membrane structure with detergents or other harsh
methods that destroy the membranes integrity.
Peripheral proteins ANSWER Attach to other proteins by non covalent interactions and
can be separated from the membrane by chemical methods that do not disrupt the
integrity or the membrane.
Transmembrane proteins ANSWER Also called membrane-spanning proteins because
the proteins chains extend all the way across the cell membrane.
Lipid-anchored proteins - ANSWER Some of these proteins are covalently bound to lipid
tails the insert themselves into the bilayer. Others, found only on the external surface of
the cell are held by a GPI anchor that consists of the membrane lipid plus a
sugar-phosphate chain.
Motor proteins - ANSWER Proteins that convert stored energy into directed movement.
Myosins ANSWER Bind to actin fibers and are best known for their role in muscle
movement.
Histology ANSWER The study of tissue structure and function.
, Epithelia ANSWER Tissue that protects the internal environment of the body and
regulate the exchange of materials between the internal and external environment.
Types of Epithelia ANSWER 1. Simple (one cell thick)
2. Stratified (multiple cell layers)
3. Squamous (flattened plate or scale)
4. Cuboidal
5. Columnar
Exchange Epithelia - ANSWER Composed of very thin, flattened cells allowing for rapid
exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) across the epithelium.
Transporting epithelia - ANSWER Are tissues that actively and selectively regulate the
exchange of nongaseous materials, including ions and nutrients between the internal
and external environment.
Ciliated Epithelia - ANSWER Non transporting tissues lining the respiratory system and
parts of the female reproductive tract.
Protective Epithelia - ANS Prevent the exchange between the internal and external
environments and protect areas that are subjected to mechanical and chemical
stressors.
Secretory epithelia - ANS Composed of cells that synthesize a product and then secrete
it into the extracellular space.
Muscle Tissue - ANS Tissue that has the ability to contract and produce force and
movement.
Tissue that contains two types of cells: neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells; the glial
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