Summary
Summary 4 - The music
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The complete summary of Edexcel/AQA's Spanish AS and A Level unit 4 "La música", written in English with statistics and facts.
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La música hispanaOnly two genres are required for the exam.
El Flamenco de Espana
Flamenco came from a mix of cultures in Andalusia in the 18th century. It’s composed of
“el cante”, “el toque” and “el baile”; another element is improvisation, which made
Camaron de la Isla famous for his use of it. Flamenco is considered a form of expression
and was used as a symbol of national pride by Franco, with the songs adapted and
censored. The singer Manuel Gerena was imprisoned more than 300 times for rebelling
against the dictatorship through flamenco. Nowadays, flamenco is worldwide, with more
flamenco schools in Tokyo than the entire of Spain, and 700,000 flamenco tourists each
year that spend more than 500 million euros. It has influenced other genres, creating the
popular “trap flamenco”.
El Merengue de la República Dominicana
Merengue expresses social and political opinions and scandalised the conservative
societies with its explicit dance and lyrics; after several attempts to ban it, it started to use
less sensual moves and was eventually popularised. Its popularity was cemented by
Trujillo, the dictator, who also censored it greatly and used it as a form of propaganda. With
the fall of the dictatorship, it revived itself, and nowadays plays an active role in the
everyday society.
El Tango de Argentina
Originally associated with prostitution and criminality, tango was sanitised and made
popular- especially with the Nazis, who made tango orchestras in the concentration
camps. The prisoners used tango to express their feelings, creating songs such as “el
tango de Auschwitz” and “Kinder iorn” (childhood years). Although it suffered persecution
during the dictatorship, it was re-introduced in the 70s as Argentinian national heritage and
through international spectacles such as “Tango Argentino”. It has ceased to celebrate
gender violence and feminicide and instead abandoned machos rhetoric almost entirely.
La música contemporánea- la música pop, el reguetón, el trap, el rap
The use of English is prevalent in Hispanic pop music; especially English-speaking bands.
Primarily Spanish pop songs form the role of social journalist; one example is Mecano,
which sings about drug addiction, the VIH epidemic, and the Chinese occupation of Tibet.
In 2012, Natalia Lafourcade published “Un Derecho de Nacimiento”, criticising the
Mexican government for its lack of freedom of expression.
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