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CSB012 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
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CSB012 EXAM WITH COMPLETESOLUTION
Different types of cancers - Answer Carcinoma (epithelial cells)
Sarcoma (bone and soft tissue)
Lymphoma (WBCs in lymphoid tissue)
Melanoma (melanocytes)
Routes of cancer spread - Answer Vascular
Lymphatic
Body cavities
Natural passages
Inoculation/Surgical contamination
Outline beam filtration and why it is used. - Answer To reduce lower energy x-ray
photons from reaching patient --> reduce dose
3 types: inherent, added, compensating
What is the 15% rule? - Answer increase in kVp by 15% will double mAs (and vice versa)
Name the body responsible for eHealth safety in Australia. - Answer The Australian
Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare
Define image sharpness. - Answer The distinct representation of an object's true border
or edges
Aka spatial resolution, detail
Explain the geometric factors which affect image sharpness. - Answer Magnification
(SID/SOD)
DIstortion
Focal blur
Describe the anode heel effect . - Answer Change in beam intensity across x-ray field
caused by absorption of the beam at the heel of the anode.
Describe ways to minimise unsharpness. - Answer Large SID
Small OID
,Central beam perpendicular to IR
Central beam parallel to plane/region of interest
Select fine focus (when appropriate)
What is a grid? - Answer Reduce amount of scattered radiation reaching the IR
Improve image contrast + reduce image noise
What is a grid ratio? - Answer The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance
between them (h/D)
List types of grids. - Answer Focussed
Parallel
Crossed
Moving
Virtual
What is the air-gap technique? - Answer Increase OID to decrease scatter & therefore
increase image contrast.
Alternative to grid.
Increase mAs by 10% per cm of air-gap
Define infection. - Answer The establishment and growth of a micro-organism on or in a
host.
Explain the factor required for an infection to occur? - Answer 1. A host - favrouable
environment, diverse organic nutrients
2. A micro-organism - bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
3. Mode of transmission - from external or internal envir.
4. A reservoir - the site where the micro-organism can stay alive...?
Explain how an infection establishes itself in a host. - Answer 1st line of defence - skin,
saliva, mucous membranes
2nd line of defence - general immune, macrophages
3rd line of defence - specific immune, B & T lymphocytes
Describe the main ways that an infection is spread. - Answer 1. Direct contact with
person
, 2. Inadequate hand-washing
3. Direct contact with bodily fluids
4. Contact with contaminated equipment
Define aseptic technique and describe how an aseptic technique is maintained in a
clinical setting. - Answer Procedure performed under sterile conditions.
5 moments of hand hygiene
Bare below the elbows
Define digital imaging. - Answer An image acquisition process that produces an
electronic image that can be manipulated by a computer and displayed as a matrix of
intensities.
What are the benefits of digital imaging? - Answer High image quality/resolution
Post-processing analysis
Fast image ditribution/storage/retrieval
List types of digital radiography. - Answer 1. Computed radiography
2. Scanned projection analysis
3. Digital radiography (indirect)
4. Digital radiography (direct)
Describe the CR imaging plate. - Answer 1. Protective overcoat
2. Conductive layer - phosphor crystals
3. Reflective layer
4. Protective layer (base)
5. Antistatic layer
6. Thin lead foil
List the stages of PSP image formation. - Answer 1. EXPOSE - energy transfer,
excitation, metastable stable, latent image
2. STIMULATE - infrared light, lower energy state, photostimuable luminescence (PSL)
3. READ - photomultiplier tube (PMT), analog to digital converter (ADC), pixel matrix
4. ERASE - white light, residual latent image, ghosting
Outline the differences between indirect and direct digital radiography. - Answer
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