Exam (elaborations)
CIH Toxicology Questions and Answers 2024
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Exam of 21 pages for the course CIH at CIH (CIH Toxicology)
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CIH ToxicologyToxicology - answer The study of poisons, studies how living organisms physically
respond to poisons.
Xenobiotic: foreign chemical to the body not produced by the body or expected to be
there.
Forensic Toxicology - answer medical/legal aspects of chemical exposure.
Environmental Toxicologist - answer focuses on the study of adverse health effects in
wildlife ecosystems or in exposed humans exposed to environmental pollutants.
Descriptive toxicologist - answer designs and conducts long term toxicity tests in lab
animals.
Toxicity - answer route of exposure, duration of exposure, and frequency all directly
affect the toxicity of a chemical in a given exposure situation.
Toxicant - answer Substance that interferes with the normal functions of the body. A
toxin is biological in nature (mold, bacteria. etc. toxicant examples: lead, asbestos etc.
Threshold Values - answerNOEL:No observable effect level.
NOAEL: No observable adverse effect level.
LOEL: Lowest observable adverse effect leve.
LOAEL: Lowest observable adverse effect level.
LD50 - answerused to determine chemical potency.
as a means of comparing chemicals.
to determine dose levels for future larger studies.
LC50 - answerThe lethal concentration for 50% of the exposed organisms in air.
it is determined statistically using the proportions of animals killed from several different
dose/exposure groups.
prohibit analysis is one common method.
Dose Response Curves - answerSteep Curve indicates small variability in response.
Shallow curve indicates wide variability in animal response.
General Rule: If a chemical has the same degree of toxicity across species, then
probably similar toxicity in humans.
animals and humans are in the same range of susceptibility when dose is compared on
the basis of body surface area.
,Dose is important - answerTeaspoon of a substance can be 10X more hazardous for a
young child than for an adult. (body weight and growing body.)
Dose of moderately toxic chemical to produce death - answerslightly toxic agent
produces death in a range of 5-15g/kg.
very toxic 50-500mg/kg.
extremely toxic 5-50mg/kg.
Route of exposure (producing greatest effects) - answerwith the exception of
intravenous administration, inhalation is usually the most effective followed by
intrapertoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal oral and topical.
Exposures - answerAcute: Exposures over a short period of time (minutes to hours)
Subacute Exposure: exposure less than a month.
Subchronic: Exposures over medium duration (days to weeks or months)
Chronic: exposures over a long period of time (years)
Effects - answerAcute: Immediate effect from exposure.
Chronic: effect only noticed after long exposure.
Latency period: Amount of time between first exposure and onset of disease.
Carbon Tetrachloride - answerAcute effects: Central Nervous system. excitability,
dizziness, narcosis.
Chronic Effects: Liver damage.
Effects (2) - answerSystemic Toxicity: Adverse effect affecting whole systems within the
body. Example: organic solvents affect kidneys and liver.
Local Toxicity: Adverse effect affecting solely site of exposure. Example: organic
solvents may cause dermatitis.
Additive Effects - answereffect two separate chemicals acting independently is additive.
Organophosphates malathion and parathion.
Antagonistic: - answerChemicals interfere with effects of each other. Example: alcohols
preferentially metabolized over methanol. Atropine and organophosphates.
Synergistic effects - answertotal effects of separate chemicals is greater than individual
effects (asbestos and smoking. )
Potentiating Effects - answera substance that normally has no toxic effect becomes
toxic in the presence of another substance.
In Vitro - answerExperiments or studies conducted outside living bodies.
Within a glass or test tube.
artificial environments.
, In vivo - answerExperiments conducted within living bodies.
Mechanisms - answerInterference with enzymes.
uncoupling of biochemical reactions.
inhibition of oxygen transfer (cellular).
blockade of hemoglobin oxygen transport.
synthesis of toxic metabolite.
Mechanisms continued - answerremoval of metallic co-factors (chelating).
interfere with general cellular functions.
immunosuppression or hypersensitization.
chemical irritation of tissues.
direct cellular toxicity.
Mechanisms continued2 - answerSequestration:
DDT and PCBs stored in fats.
Heavy metals stored in bones.
dusts overloading lung capability to remove.
Mechanisms Continued 2 - answerImpaction
Sedimentation.
Diffusion.
Active Transport - answerImportant for excretion.
the chemical can move against the concentration gradient.
very important for the elimination of foreign compounds.
cerebrospinal fluid, kidney has at least 2,2and 4 active transport systems respectively.
requires energy for its selective saturable transport (carrier) system.
Facilitated distribution - answerno energy is expended.
the substrate is not moved against a concentration gradient.
Passive Transport - answerFiltration is a form of passive transport.
involves the flow of small solutes through pores with bulk water flow. since no energy is
used it is a form of passive transport.
lipid solubility major determination ofnrate of transfer usually measured by octonal/water
partition coefficient.
Simple diffusion - answermajor toxicants diffuse through membranes.
hydrophilli molecules may use aqueous channels.
metabolism - answerthe transformation of chemicals in the body also known as
biotransformation.
make chemicals more water soluble for excretion.
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