GBBE FINAL EXAM EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the oviduct? - ANSWERS-site of fertilization
What is the ostium? - ANSWERS-opening of the oviduct
What is the cloaca? - ANSWERS-Common opening for excretory, digestive, and
reproductive products
Order occurrence during embryonic development: blastula, cleavage, gastrula,
morula, organ formation - ANSWERS-Cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula,
neuralation,organ formation
Endotoxin - ANSWERS-A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain
gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
,Exotoxin - ANSWERS-A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other
pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer
present.
What is a mordant? - ANSWERS-a substance, typically an inorganic oxide, that
combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material.
(for ex. iodine)
Purpose of iodine - ANSWERS-binds to primary stain and allows for substance to
become trapped in the cell wall
Gram-positive bacteria - ANSWERS-Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell
wall, and no outer membrane. The cell wall contains teichoic acid (regulates the
movement of positive ions). They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.
Gram-negative bacteria - ANSWERS-Bacteria that have complex cell walls with
less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides.
They stain very bright pink in Gram stain.
Safranin stain - ANSWERS-Added as the counter/secondary stain in a Gram Stain
which color the gram negative bacteria pink-red and have no effect on gram
positive bacteria.
Three primary shapes of bacteria - ANSWERS-cocci, bacillus, spiral
, Capsule - ANSWERS-Protects cell, makes it more virulent
Pilus - ANSWERS-short hair-like structures on cell surface (help w/ adherence to
structures and movement)
peptidoglycan - ANSWERS-A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell
walls of bacteria rigid (contains two monosaccharides- NAG and NAM
Plasma membrane - ANSWERS-A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
forming the boundary of the cells
Primary chromosome - ANSWERS-circular DNA molecules in bacteria
Plasmid - ANSWERS-small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is
physically separated from chromosomal DNA
Fimbriae - ANSWERS-long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the
surface of bacterial cells; enable the bacteria to bind to specific receptor
structures/colonize surfaces
Slime layer - ANSWERS-a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to
the cell wall
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