PHY 102 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
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What is the definition of velocity? How is it related to distance and time? -
ANS ✓Velocity is defined as "a quantity that specifies both direction and speed of
an object." It is related to distance and time because the equation for velocity is
velocity=distance/time, meaning that distance divided by time make up velocity.
What is the definition of acceleration? How is it related to velocity, distance,
and time? - ANS ✓A=V/t Acceleration is defined as "a charge in the direction or
magnitude of a velocity." It is related to velocity, distance, and time because the
equation for acceleration is a=(delta) v/t, meaning that acceleration is the change
in velocity (and distance factors into velocity) divided by time.
What does this equation express? v=vo +at - ANS ✓This equation means:
velocity=intial velocity +constant x time.
What does this equation express? x=x0+v0t+½ at^2 - ANS ✓This is a
kinematics equation meaning: distance=initial displacement + initial velocity x
time + constant x time squared. X is a distance or position X0 is initial position,
V0 is initial velocity. This equation figures out where an object will be after
certain time, velocity and with its initial position.
What property makes an atom unique, as opposed to other divisions of
matter? - ANS ✓It is because it is the smallest chemical properties? Each
chemical element has it's own type of atom, and if you break an atom up more it
would not be that element anymore.
What is the structure of an atom? What are its constituent parts? What are
the main features of the Bohr model of an atom? - ANS ✓The modern view
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(Bohr model) has energy levels that are very rigid and unique, energies in
electrons are quantized meaning they can only have certain energy levels.
Nucleus has protons and neutrons and the number of protons tells the chemical
element while the number of neutrons tells the isotopes. Farthest electron has
maximum energy on the KLMN. Electrons can jump to different levels if turned
on
What is an energy level in an atom? How do electrons move between them?
- ANS ✓This is part of Bohr's model, and the energy level is how much energy an
electron has. Physicists used to care about the placement of an electron, but
lately they decided that placement does not matter as much as energy level.
Electrons can only move energy levels if the exact amount of energy needed
comes along. It was described like stairs, where you can't stand between 2 stairs,
you either have to be on one or the other.
What types of atoms are most important in studying astronomy? - ANS
✓Hydrogen and helium because they are most abundant. 90% of the universe is
hydrogen and 9% is helium.
What are galaxies made of? - ANS ✓They are made of hydrogen, helium, simple
carbon compounds, and most importantly gas and dust. These form stars and
clouds of gas and dust that are lit up by dust or will obscure the light from the
stars.
How are galaxies classified? What type of galaxies are there? - ANS
✓Classified by Edwin Hubble by how big they were through a telescope.
Elliptical, Spiral, spiral barred, and irregular
. What is OUR galaxy called? What type of galaxy is it? - ANS ✓It is called the
Milky Way and it is a barred spiral galaxy. In the center of our galaxy is a
supermassive black hole.
Where are we (the sun and the Earth) located within our galaxy? - ANS ✓We
are 2/3 the way out in the galaxy, in the disc. Not in one of the bright spiral arms.
We are located nowhere special, basically.
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What force is responsible for the behavior and structure of galaxies? - ANS
✓Basically gravity. Gravity creates and shapes the galaxies. Gravity is strongest
near the most mass. In our galaxy, the most mass is located in the middle.
What can happen when galaxies interact or collide? - ANS ✓The gravity from
both will affect both galaxies, spiral arms can get distorted, they can move
through each other because there is so much space; however, since they get close
enough the gravity can ruin the setup of a galaxy.
How did the contributions of various astronomers/scientist shape the
modern theory of astronomy and the nature of our solar system? - ANS
✓Reference Slides 1-14 on physics exam 2.
What is the correct model of our solar system? Geocentric or heliocentric? -
ANS ✓The correct model is a heliocentric (with the Sun in the middle) and
elliptical planetary orbits. This was discovered by Kepler after he combined
Copernicus's model with Brahe's data.
What observations of planetary motion helped shape the theories and
models of our solar system? - ANS ✓Pythagoras noticed that the planets move
differently than the stars, Plato and Aristotle observed that all objects have a
"natural state" which was the start of the theory of gravity. Aristotle noticed
retrograde motion of Mars which is that Mars appeared to move "backward"
compared to constellations in a path that was clearly not circular. Ptolemy used
geometry to observe that the planets move in epicycles. Copernicus made the
heliocentric model of the Sun and measured the planet's distance from the Sun.
Brahe made careful observations on Planet positions that Kepler used to create
the correct model.
What are some historical examples (using the scientific method) of
observations combined with a theoretical model? - ANS ✓Kepler's
combination of Copernicus's model and Brahe's observations. Galileo's use of
Kepler's information for Gravity. Newton's use of Galileo's information to figure
out gravity ("If I have seen any further it is because I stood on the shoulders of
giants.")
PHY 102
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