Lipogenesis ✔✔The biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides.
Lipolysis ✔✔The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycogenolysis ✔✔The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose
units for entry into the energy pathways.
Gluconeogenesis ✔✔A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-
carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids.
Leptin ✔✔A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
Ghrelin ✔✔A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.
CCK (cholecystokinin) ✔✔hormone released in the gastrointestinal system and is responsible
for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
,NPY (neuropeptide Y) ✔✔neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the
hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive
energy balance and weight gain.
Insulin ✔✔hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high,
promoting the uptake of glucose for fuel or storage as glycogen. Insulin helps keeps blood-sugar levels
from getting too high, also referred to as hyperglycemia.
Glucagon ✔✔hormone that is released when blood sugars decrease below a certain threshold. It
stimulates the breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen) in the liver, releasing additional glucose into the
bloodstream for fuel.
ATP-PC system ✔✔energy system producing ATP during high intensity, short duration exercise.
Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases large amount of energy used to construct ATP. provides
energy for muscle contraction for up to 10 seconds.
Anaerobic Glycolytic System ✔✔Glucose is used for fuel and is either blood glucose or muscle
glycogen, broken down in to pyruvic acid, when there is insufficient oxygen it then is transformed into
lactic acid. Energy up to 2 minutes.
Aerobic Energy System ✔✔virtually unlimited capacity for making ATP, uses carbs, fat, protein for fuel.
Slow to produce ATP. Lasts anywhere from 2 minutes to a few hours.
Acid-Base Balance ✔✔The process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and
alkaline molecules.
,Cell Signaling ✔✔Process of communication between cells by biological messengers to govern
cellular function.
Amino Acids ✔✔The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.
Essential Amino Acids (EAA) ✔✔Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot
be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine*
Lysine
Leucine
Branched Chain Amino Acid ✔✔The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which
are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure.
, conditionally essential amino acids ✔✔amino acids that are normally considered nonessential but
become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them exceeds the ability to
produce them.
nonessential amino acids ✔✔amino acids that the body can synthesize & normally do not need to
be obtained in the diet.
protein synthesis ✔✔Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.
dehydration synthesis ✔✔The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one
molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger
molecules together on the newly freed bonds.
Peptide Bond ✔✔The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one
and the amino group of the other.
Hydrolysis ✔✔Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of
one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively.
Dipeptide ✔✔Two amino acids bonded together
tripeptide ✔✔3 amino acids
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