NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
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from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - ✔✔Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea
and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing)
Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - ✔✔Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - ✔✔"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by
the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume
and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases
blood pressure.
, Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - ✔✔The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of
nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical
manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - ✔✔Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or
parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most
common is bacterial infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - ✔✔E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host
cells.
Cystitis S/S - ✔✔Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in the
suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of the
infectious organism.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - ✔✔Highly communicable STI that infects epithelial cells and
proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical cancer.
Oral Cancer - ✔✔Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue.
Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through
the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax.
Causes of Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Aging
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