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BIO ANTH EXAM 1 FULL SET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIO ANTH EXAM 1 FULL SET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIO ANTH EXAM 1 FULL SETQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Biological Anthropology: - Answer-Biological Anthropology is the study of humans as
biological organisms, within an evolutionary framework (how are we different than other
animals). It is the scientific study of human beings as biological creatures that highlights
what we share with other people and primates. What makes us unique and distinct from
all other species
Science: - Answer-Science is an approach to gaining information about natural
phenomena through observation and experimentation.
Empirical: based knowledge gained through observation (using our senses and
instrumentation to gain information
A self-correcting process: falsifiability is a key defining trait of the scientific process (self
correcting to an extent due to bias)
Scientific method - Answer-Scientific method is an explanatory framework that has been
repeatedly tested, supported by an overwhelming amount of highly consistent evidence,
and has withstood many attempts to disprove its core concepts. It is based on
observation of factual events and data.
4 key approaches to conduct research: - Answer-The 4 key approaches to conduct
research is holism, comparison, dynamism, fieldwork
Holism - Answer-Holism is the interest in humanity and asking how different aspects
interact and influence one another.
Example: when observing monkeys, we might look at the species physical adaptations,
patterns, conditions, and interactions with humans to answer questions about their
social behavior
Comparison - Answer-Comparison is comparing and contrasting what humans have in
common, how we differ, and how we have changed over time.
It can be a historical approach (ex. How has Egyptian society changed since the
building of the great pyramids?) or a comparative approach (that looks at the roles of
men and women in different societies due to culture or religious traditions)
Dynamism - Answer-Dynamism is looking at both biological and cultural changes as
well as short-term, long-term, temporary, or permanent changes.
Example: scientist could consider taking a look at how different diseases that have
affected our ancestors have led to changes in their bodies
Fieldwork - Answer-Fieldwork is used in order to collect data, anthropologist will go out
to where their data lives (cities, tropical forest). Example: When researching, they could
look at things like skeletal remains, or interview with local people
,Subfields of Biological Anthropology: - Answer-The subfields of biological anthropology
are:
Primatology (study of primates)
Paleoanthropology (study of ancient records of evolution, fossils)
Skeletal biology and paleoanthropology (skeleton anatomy: tells us past behaviors,
teeth examining)
Human Biology (skin pigmentation relations to atmosphere)
Forensic anthropology (creating biological profile of people, crime)
Anthropology genetics (use of genetics to say something about primate or biological
evolution)
Evolutionary Neuroscience (study of brains: brains of relatives vs. animal brains)
Evolution - Answer-Evolution is positive or negative changes over time
Example: Record players evolved into Apple Music (objective opinion of improvement)
Biological Evolution: - Answer-Biological Evolution is change through time
Example: (new generation isn't the same as the old)
Anamixander (Greece 6th century BC) - Answer-Anamixander sought natural causes for
biological and other earthly phenomena. Notion of change- Humans and other animals
descended from fish
Plato - Answer-Plato looks into the concepts of the "eidos", an abstract "form" that is
imperfectly imitated in the real world through his book The Republic. He also highlighted
that species having defining "essence" that is fixed and unchanged
Fixity of Species (Plato) - Answer-Fixity of Species explains that species have always
been and will always be the same (cats can change patterns, but they are still a cat)
Aristotle - Answer-Aristotle appreciated organic diversity as well as organized and
classified organisms into a "scale naturae" (Great Chain of Being) with humans at the
top (different beings organized in a hierarchy)
Al-Jahiz - Answer-Al-Jahiz wrote the book Kitab Al-Hayawan (Book of Animals) that
detailed an evolutionary theory (similar to natural selection) and emphasized the role of
the environment in the evolution of humans (ex. Skin color)
Ibn Miskawyah - Answer-Ibn Miskawyah stated that humans evolved from other humans
in a progressive step by step process. He also highlighted that the differences between
humans and animals was intellect given as a divine gift
Al-Beruni - Answer-Al-Beruni's writing Line Ibn Miska held views that humans migrated
through various lower life forms on the way towards humanity. This noted the similarities
between monkeys and humans.
, Ibn Khaldun - Answer-Ibn Khaldun expressed ideas of progressive evolution stating that
humans evolved from monkeys and explicitly rejected religious explanations for
differences in skin color. He instead pointed out the latitudinal gradient which linked
dark pigmentation with hot climates
Li Shih-Chen - Answer-Li Shih-Chen stated that organisms are influenced by their
environment and described artificial selection which emphasized heritability of traits
(similar to Darwin). He also had a binomial system of naming organisms and a
hierarchical classification scheme.
Carolus Linnaeus: - Answer-Carolus Linnaeus believed in the system naturae and the
binomial system. He also looked towards a hierarchical system of classification based
on similarities
Carolus Linnaeus hierarchical system - Answer-Kingdom (animalia)
Phylum (Chordata)
Class (Mammalia)
Order (primates)
Family (hominidae)
Genus (homo)
Species (sapiens)
Compte De Buffon - Answer-Compte De Buffon wrote the Historie Naturelle. He also
believed that animals that migrate to new climates often change in response to new
environments. Similar to Al-Jahiz and Ibn Khaldun, he suggested the external
environment is an important agent of biological change.
Jean Lamarck - Answer-Jean Lamarck wrote the Philosophie Zoologique and proposed
a (now discredited) mechanism of evolutionary change to explain biological diversity. He
also recognized that organism interact in a dynamic way with their environment which
was important for producing evolutionary change
He was associated with Giraffe necks. He believed that Giraffes are striving to reach
their necks to the high leaves and with each generation, the offspring have longer
necks. This proved not to be the case (I were to work out and get big, my daughter
wouldn't be big as well). He also incorrectly stated that evolutionary change occurs
during the lifetime of single individuals.
Charles Lyell - Answer-Charles Lyell wrote Principles of Geology and coined
uniformitarianism (the earth has always changed in uniform). This provided the
framework needed for the acceptance of organic change
Pre-Darwin Developments - Answer-Pre-Darwin developments address the appreciation
of diversity in the natural world with methods of classifying diversity. It also addresses
the notion of organic change.
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