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Samenvatting Cel II: Cytologie $17.13
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Samenvatting Cel II: Cytologie

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Dit is een zeer volledige samenvatting van het partim cytologie uit cel II, gegeven door Jolanda Van Hengel. In de samenvatting staat alles wat gekend moet zijn voor het examen + de nodige afbeeldingen.

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  • November 6, 2024
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Cytologie
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Technieken........................................................................................................................4
Prepareren en observeren van cellen en weefsels .................................................................4
Historiek ..........................................................................................................................4
Celcultivering ......................................................................................................................4
Cultuurcondities ..................................................................................................................4
Cultuurrecipiënten ..............................................................................................................4
Groeisubstraten en -procedures ...........................................................................................5
Celdensiteits-afhankelijke inhibitie .......................................................................................5
Procedure van celtransfer ....................................................................................................5
Kwaliteitscontrole ................................................................................................................6
Prepareren...........................................................................................................................7
Lichtmicroscopie .................................................................................................................7
Elektronenmicroscoop ....................................................................................................... 12
H2: Bloed .............................................................................................................................. 14
Bloed ................................................................................................................................ 14
Bloedcellen ....................................................................................................................... 15
Rode bloedlichaampjes – erythrocyten............................................................................ 15
Witte bloedcellen – Leukocyten ...................................................................................... 16
Bloedplaatjes – Trombocyten .......................................................................................... 19
Immunologie ..................................................................................................................... 19
H3: De organellen .................................................................................................................. 24
Membranen ....................................................................................................................... 24
Mitochondriën ................................................................................................................... 26
Endoplasmatisch reticulum ............................................................................................... 29
Golgi complex.................................................................................................................... 35
Cytosomen: Lysosomen ..................................................................................................... 39
Cytosomen: Peroxisomen .................................................................................................. 41
H4: De kern ........................................................................................................................... 42
Chromatine ....................................................................................................................... 42
De nucleolus ..................................................................................................................... 43
De kernenvelop.................................................................................................................. 43

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, De kernporiën .................................................................................................................... 44
Celdeling ........................................................................................................................... 46
Celdood ............................................................................................................................ 47
H5: Cytoskelet....................................................................................................................... 52
Actine- of microfilamenten in een oogopslag ...................................................................... 52
Intermediaire filamenten in een oogopslag ......................................................................... 53
Microtubuli in een oogopslag .............................................................................................. 53
Actine- of microfilamenten ................................................................................................. 53
Opbouw ......................................................................................................................... 53
Actine-bindende eiwitten ................................................................................................ 54
Cel-substraat adhesiemoleculen........................................................................................ 56
Intermediaire filamenten .................................................................................................... 57
Desmosomen ................................................................................................................ 57
Lamine eiwitten.............................................................................................................. 57
Microtubuli .................................................................................................................... 57
H6: Celadhesie ..................................................................................................................... 62
Intercellulaire juncties van de gepolariseerde epitheelcel als representatieve organisatie..... 62
Tight junction of zonulaoccudens (ZO) ............................................................................ 62
Adherensjunction (AJ) of zonulaadherens (ZA) of belt desmosome ................................... 63
Desmosomen of spot desmosomen of macula adherens ................................................. 65
Gap junctions................................................................................................................. 66
Families van cel-cel adhesiemoleculen .............................................................................. 66
Inflammatie als illustratie van de belangrijke rol van intercellulaire adhesieprocessen
(belangrijk!!!) ..................................................................................................................... 68
H7: Extracellulaire matrix (ECM) ............................................................................................. 69
Cellen integreren in weefsels .............................................................................................. 69
Functies van ECM .............................................................................................................. 70
CAM’s niet alleen belangrijk voor adhesie, er worden ook signaalwegen in de cel geactiveerd
......................................................................................................................................... 70
Mechanosensor- eiwitten die reageren op mechanische krachten ....................................... 70
De basale lamina ............................................................................................................... 71
Laminine (LM): ............................................................................................................... 71
Collageen (type IV) ......................................................................................................... 71
Bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 71


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, Glycosaminoglycanen (GAG’s) ........................................................................................ 72
Aanwezige eiwitten ............................................................................................................ 72
Adhesieve interacties in beweeglijke en niet-beweeglijke cellen: ...................................... 73
Conformaties van integrines ........................................................................................... 73




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, H1: Technieken
Prepareren en observeren van cellen en weefsels
Doel: cellen en weefsels observeerbaar maken voor LM of EM
Probleem: weinig licht (elektronen) doorlatend weinig contrast in biologisch materiaal
Methodes :
– Fixeren
– Inbedden en snijden
– Kleuren of contrasteren

Historiek
1. 3D cultuur (rond 1900)
2. 2D monolaagculturen: “simuleren” 3D organen/weefsel terwijl echte 3D culturenenkel
uitzonderlijk zijn ➔ vb. tumor
Oorspronkelijk uit organen, in EMEM (Earle’s minimum essential medium)
3. Stabiele cellijnen: geïmmortaliseerde cellen
Te bereiken door: tumor of crisis (selectie)

Celcultivering
Cellijn maken:
Stappen:
- Het weefels zal enzymatisch worden behandeld.
- Cellen zakken uit of worden naar bodem
gecentrifugeerd.
- Cellen zullen worden uitgeplaat in een
groeirecipient (hier een petridish). Hopelijk overleven
cellen deze behandeling en zijn ze in staat uit te
groeien.

Cultuurcondities
MEM (Minimum Essential Medium) bevat:

• isotonische zouten (o.a. NaHCO3/H2CO3-buffer zoals in bloed),
• energiebron (glucose),
• essentiële (d.i. niet zelf synthetiseerbare) aminozuren en vitamines,
• serum (nagenoeg essentieel, maar weliswaar een duur natuurproduct met
kwaliteitsvariatie!).

Cultuurrecipiënten
Gesloten flessen, open platen, rollerflessen in warme omgeving, CO2 oven met cultuurplaten




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