Summary

Samenvatting Cel II: Cytologie

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Course
Cel II : Structuur en functies

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)

Dit is een zeer volledige samenvatting van het partim cytologie uit cel II, gegeven door Jolanda Van Hengel. In de samenvatting staat alles wat gekend moet zijn voor het examen + de nodige afbeeldingen.

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Uploaded on November 6, 2024
Number of pages 73
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

cel 2
cel ii
geneeskunde
tandheelkunde
jolanda van hengel
cytologie

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Education
Tandheelkunde
Course
Cel II : Structuur en functies

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Cytologie
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Technieken........................................................................................................................4
Prepareren en observeren van cellen en weefsels .................................................................4
Historiek ..........................................................................................................................4
Celcultivering ......................................................................................................................4
Cultuurcondities ..................................................................................................................4
Cultuurrecipiënten ..............................................................................................................4
Groeisubstraten en -procedures ...........................................................................................5
Celdensiteits-afhankelijke inhibitie .......................................................................................5
Procedure van celtransfer ....................................................................................................5
Kwaliteitscontrole ................................................................................................................6
Prepareren...........................................................................................................................7
Lichtmicroscopie .................................................................................................................7
Elektronenmicroscoop ....................................................................................................... 12
H2: Bloed .............................................................................................................................. 14
Bloed ................................................................................................................................ 14
Bloedcellen ....................................................................................................................... 15
Rode bloedlichaampjes – erythrocyten............................................................................ 15
Witte bloedcellen – Leukocyten ...................................................................................... 16
Bloedplaatjes – Trombocyten .......................................................................................... 19
Immunologie ..................................................................................................................... 19
H3: De organellen .................................................................................................................. 24
Membranen ....................................................................................................................... 24
Mitochondriën ................................................................................................................... 26
Endoplasmatisch reticulum ............................................................................................... 29
Golgi complex.................................................................................................................... 35
Cytosomen: Lysosomen ..................................................................................................... 39
Cytosomen: Peroxisomen .................................................................................................. 41
H4: De kern ........................................................................................................................... 42
Chromatine ....................................................................................................................... 42
De nucleolus ..................................................................................................................... 43
De kernenvelop.................................................................................................................. 43

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, De kernporiën .................................................................................................................... 44
Celdeling ........................................................................................................................... 46
Celdood ............................................................................................................................ 47
H5: Cytoskelet....................................................................................................................... 52
Actine- of microfilamenten in een oogopslag ...................................................................... 52
Intermediaire filamenten in een oogopslag ......................................................................... 53
Microtubuli in een oogopslag .............................................................................................. 53
Actine- of microfilamenten ................................................................................................. 53
Opbouw ......................................................................................................................... 53
Actine-bindende eiwitten ................................................................................................ 54
Cel-substraat adhesiemoleculen........................................................................................ 56
Intermediaire filamenten .................................................................................................... 57
Desmosomen ................................................................................................................ 57
Lamine eiwitten.............................................................................................................. 57
Microtubuli .................................................................................................................... 57
H6: Celadhesie ..................................................................................................................... 62
Intercellulaire juncties van de gepolariseerde epitheelcel als representatieve organisatie..... 62
Tight junction of zonulaoccudens (ZO) ............................................................................ 62
Adherensjunction (AJ) of zonulaadherens (ZA) of belt desmosome ................................... 63
Desmosomen of spot desmosomen of macula adherens ................................................. 65
Gap junctions................................................................................................................. 66
Families van cel-cel adhesiemoleculen .............................................................................. 66
Inflammatie als illustratie van de belangrijke rol van intercellulaire adhesieprocessen
(belangrijk!!!) ..................................................................................................................... 68
H7: Extracellulaire matrix (ECM) ............................................................................................. 69
Cellen integreren in weefsels .............................................................................................. 69
Functies van ECM .............................................................................................................. 70
CAM’s niet alleen belangrijk voor adhesie, er worden ook signaalwegen in de cel geactiveerd
......................................................................................................................................... 70
Mechanosensor- eiwitten die reageren op mechanische krachten ....................................... 70
De basale lamina ............................................................................................................... 71
Laminine (LM): ............................................................................................................... 71
Collageen (type IV) ......................................................................................................... 71
Bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 71

2

, Glycosaminoglycanen (GAG’s) ........................................................................................ 72
Aanwezige eiwitten ............................................................................................................ 72
Adhesieve interacties in beweeglijke en niet-beweeglijke cellen: ...................................... 73
Conformaties van integrines ........................................................................................... 73

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, H1: Technieken
Prepareren en observeren van cellen en weefsels
Doel: cellen en weefsels observeerbaar maken voor LM of EM
Probleem: weinig licht (elektronen) doorlatend weinig contrast in biologisch materiaal
Methodes :
– Fixeren
– Inbedden en snijden
– Kleuren of contrasteren

Historiek
1. 3D cultuur (rond 1900)
2. 2D monolaagculturen: “simuleren” 3D organen/weefsel terwijl echte 3D culturenenkel
uitzonderlijk zijn ➔ vb. tumor
Oorspronkelijk uit organen, in EMEM (Earle’s minimum essential medium)
3. Stabiele cellijnen: geïmmortaliseerde cellen
Te bereiken door: tumor of crisis (selectie)

Celcultivering
Cellijn maken:
Stappen:
- Het weefels zal enzymatisch worden behandeld.
- Cellen zakken uit of worden naar bodem
gecentrifugeerd.
- Cellen zullen worden uitgeplaat in een
groeirecipient (hier een petridish). Hopelijk overleven
cellen deze behandeling en zijn ze in staat uit te
groeien.

Cultuurcondities
MEM (Minimum Essential Medium) bevat:

• isotonische zouten (o.a. NaHCO3/H2CO3-buffer zoals in bloed),
• energiebron (glucose),
• essentiële (d.i. niet zelf synthetiseerbare) aminozuren en vitamines,
• serum (nagenoeg essentieel, maar weliswaar een duur natuurproduct met
kwaliteitsvariatie!).

Cultuurrecipiënten
Gesloten flessen, open platen, rollerflessen in warme omgeving, CO2 oven met cultuurplaten

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