PHI2010 Final Exam Study Guide UCF Derek Green with complete
verified solutions(graded A+)
What is Philosophy? (the Greek translation) - answer "Love of
Wisdom"
What is Philosophy? (Purpose and Goal) - answer Philosophy seeks
to answer the most pressing questions of life. The goal of
philosophy is to arrive at these answers with the support of good
reasons.
Kant's Big Three (Questions) - answer 1) What can I know?
(Epistemology and Metaphysics)
2) What ought I do? (Ethics, includes Metaethics and Applied Ethics)
3) What can I hope for? (Philosophy of Religion)
Euthyphro (the Socratic Dialogue) - answer -Euthyphro is a Socratic
Dialogue written by Plato.
-Plato uses Socrates as a mouth piece in a long discussion between
Euthyphro and Socrates about the nature of piety (belief in
religion).
-Overall Lesson: Give adequate reasons for claims.
-Central Dilemma: the nature of piety.
-"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious
because it is loved by the gods?"
,The Euthyphro Dilemma - answer -"Is the pious loved by the gods
because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?"
Option 1: The pious is loved by the gods because it is pious.
-Issues: This makes the pious independently good. What if the gods
love something that's not pious? Would they be wrong?
This option is a circular argument, which is a logical fallacy.
Option 2: It is pious because it is loved by the gods.
-Issues: This would make morality arbitrary, since it would be based
on the whims of the gods. If the attitudes of the gods change, would
piety then change?
Meno (the Socratic Dialogue) - answer -Meno is a Socratic Dialogue
written by Plato.
-Plato uses Socrates as a mouthpiece to discuss virtue with Meno,
which eventually leads to a conversation about knowledge.
-Question: What does it mean to know something?
-"Is it enough to be of right opinion on a topic for it to count as
knowledge?"
,Socrates answers no. Right opinion is right by chance. True
knowledge is permanent. Analogy of images of Daedalus.
—Socrates then defines knowledge as "justified true belief."
Socrates' Conception of Knowledge: - answer A justified true belief.
Justified True Belief: - answer -The JTB conception of knowledge is as
follows: A belief that is both justified and true is knowledge.
Someone KNOWS 'p' if and only if:
-'p' is true.
-they believe in 'p'.
-they are justified in their belief of 'p'.
-JTB is necessary for true knowledge and is enough for true
knowledge.
Gettier - answer -Edmund Gettier: The 1960's philosopher that
argues that having JTB is not enough for true knowledge, as you can
have a JTB and still not know something.
Gettier Case - answer A 'Gettier Case' is when a speaker has a JTB
that 'p' but still fails to truly know 'p'.
-Example 1: Elaine has a justified true belief that there's a red car in
her garage.
, There is, because carjackers broke in, stole Elaine's red Dodge
Challenger, and left their banged up unregistered red Datsun in its
place.
-Example 2: Carl has the justified true belief that his biological
mother's name starts with 'L'.
Carl believes his biological mother is Liza, it's actually Liza's
younger sister, Linda. Linda gave birth to Carl at 16. When this
happened, Liza was 28, married, infertile, and had a deep desire for
a child. So Liza and her husband adopted Carl, who hasn't
discovered his true origins.
Although both correct in assumption, what they justly believe of 'p'
is actually not entirely 'p'.
Solutions to Gettier Cases - answer Defenses for Justified True Belief
in a Gettier Case (when a speaker has a JTB that 'p' but still fails to
truly know 'p'):
-Although a belief can be both justified and true, the premise
leading to the conclusion can be false: Therefore, it was never a JTB
to begin with.
Knowledge cannot be inferred from false premises.
-If a belief is only true purely by chance, justification has nothing to
do with the belief being truth (in the case of the belief being true
knowledge).
verified solutions(graded A+)
What is Philosophy? (the Greek translation) - answer "Love of
Wisdom"
What is Philosophy? (Purpose and Goal) - answer Philosophy seeks
to answer the most pressing questions of life. The goal of
philosophy is to arrive at these answers with the support of good
reasons.
Kant's Big Three (Questions) - answer 1) What can I know?
(Epistemology and Metaphysics)
2) What ought I do? (Ethics, includes Metaethics and Applied Ethics)
3) What can I hope for? (Philosophy of Religion)
Euthyphro (the Socratic Dialogue) - answer -Euthyphro is a Socratic
Dialogue written by Plato.
-Plato uses Socrates as a mouth piece in a long discussion between
Euthyphro and Socrates about the nature of piety (belief in
religion).
-Overall Lesson: Give adequate reasons for claims.
-Central Dilemma: the nature of piety.
-"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious
because it is loved by the gods?"
,The Euthyphro Dilemma - answer -"Is the pious loved by the gods
because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?"
Option 1: The pious is loved by the gods because it is pious.
-Issues: This makes the pious independently good. What if the gods
love something that's not pious? Would they be wrong?
This option is a circular argument, which is a logical fallacy.
Option 2: It is pious because it is loved by the gods.
-Issues: This would make morality arbitrary, since it would be based
on the whims of the gods. If the attitudes of the gods change, would
piety then change?
Meno (the Socratic Dialogue) - answer -Meno is a Socratic Dialogue
written by Plato.
-Plato uses Socrates as a mouthpiece to discuss virtue with Meno,
which eventually leads to a conversation about knowledge.
-Question: What does it mean to know something?
-"Is it enough to be of right opinion on a topic for it to count as
knowledge?"
,Socrates answers no. Right opinion is right by chance. True
knowledge is permanent. Analogy of images of Daedalus.
—Socrates then defines knowledge as "justified true belief."
Socrates' Conception of Knowledge: - answer A justified true belief.
Justified True Belief: - answer -The JTB conception of knowledge is as
follows: A belief that is both justified and true is knowledge.
Someone KNOWS 'p' if and only if:
-'p' is true.
-they believe in 'p'.
-they are justified in their belief of 'p'.
-JTB is necessary for true knowledge and is enough for true
knowledge.
Gettier - answer -Edmund Gettier: The 1960's philosopher that
argues that having JTB is not enough for true knowledge, as you can
have a JTB and still not know something.
Gettier Case - answer A 'Gettier Case' is when a speaker has a JTB
that 'p' but still fails to truly know 'p'.
-Example 1: Elaine has a justified true belief that there's a red car in
her garage.
, There is, because carjackers broke in, stole Elaine's red Dodge
Challenger, and left their banged up unregistered red Datsun in its
place.
-Example 2: Carl has the justified true belief that his biological
mother's name starts with 'L'.
Carl believes his biological mother is Liza, it's actually Liza's
younger sister, Linda. Linda gave birth to Carl at 16. When this
happened, Liza was 28, married, infertile, and had a deep desire for
a child. So Liza and her husband adopted Carl, who hasn't
discovered his true origins.
Although both correct in assumption, what they justly believe of 'p'
is actually not entirely 'p'.
Solutions to Gettier Cases - answer Defenses for Justified True Belief
in a Gettier Case (when a speaker has a JTB that 'p' but still fails to
truly know 'p'):
-Although a belief can be both justified and true, the premise
leading to the conclusion can be false: Therefore, it was never a JTB
to begin with.
Knowledge cannot be inferred from false premises.
-If a belief is only true purely by chance, justification has nothing to
do with the belief being truth (in the case of the belief being true
knowledge).
