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LPC Exam Questions and Answers- Theories
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LPC Exam Questions and Answers- Theories
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LPC Exam - TheoriesSkinner (Behavioral Therapy-Operant Conditioning) - Answer-1. Environmnet provides for an individual
two types of situations: positive and negative which determine behavior.
2. Learning only takes place where there is either positive or negative reinforcement. We exhibit or
inhibit behaviors because of the ramifications given to those behaviors.
3. Behavioral modification derives from operant conditioning. The objective is to increase desirable
behaviors or to reduce objectionable behaviors.
4. This appreach pays little attention to the client's prior thought and unconscious conflicts, but instead
focuses on present causes of behavior, and treats unwanted behavior differently according to different
clients' needs.
5. 4 main types of behavior therapy: applied behavior analysis, neuro behavioristic stimulus-response,
social learning theory, cognitive behavior modification.
6. Client's commitment to change, along with effective client/counselor interaction, determine success
in behavior therapy.
7. Client is an active participant, encouraged to set goals.
8. First job of the counselor is to identify the existing concern through assessment techniques such as
psychological tests, behavioral observations, self-reports and monitoring, role playing, and imagery.
Behavior Therapy Techniques - Answer-biofeedback ,contingency contracts, extinction, over correction,
positive reinforcement, premack principle, response cost, shaping, time-out, token economy, social skill
training, assertiveness training, self-control exercises (progressive muscle relaxation and biofeedback),
performance based techniques applied outside of therapy.
,4 Main Types of Behavioral Therapy - Answer-1. Applied behavior analysis: sees behavior as a function
of its consequences, focusing on actual behavior rather than cognitive processes. Uses behavior
modification techniques of stimulus control, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.
2. Neuro Behavioristic stimulus-response: concerned with extinquishing the cause or causes of anxiety
through systematic desensitization and covert conditioning. Assumes same laws of learning apply to
both overt and covert processes.
3. Social Learning Theory: stresses mediational behaviors, cognitive processes, and environment as
coming together to influence behavior. Treamtent for environmental factors causing unwanted behavior
depends on cognitive processes affected by environmental events. The client decides which behaviors to
change, using his/her own self-directing abilities.
4. Cognitive behavior therapy: aims at cognitive restructuring. Approach emphasizes altering irrational
ideas, perceptions, and interpretation of individual experience.
Jung (Analytic Psychology) - Answer-1. Stressed the significance of racial and historical influences on
personality and believed that individuals were moving towards wholeness and individuation. Believe
that culture has a great influence on personal development.
2. Therapy is a healing process.
3. stresses the ddynamic interplay between the conscious and unconscious minds which make up the
human psyche and govern behavior. A keener awareness of the unconscious is key because the
unconscious is seen as a means to conscious direction and creativity.
4. Instincts of hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression, as well as the need to achieve a whole, true self
grounded in conscious and unconscious elements (individuation) are universal. What one does is
influenced partly by present experience and partly by expectation of what the action will bring.
5. Unconscious forces are revealed through symbols which are guiding messages contained in dream
and external reality which help the client resolve conflicts and overcome difficulties.
6. Making the client as aware as possible of unconscious influences and connections with behavior,
present and future, is the touchstone of Analytical Therapy. After analyzing what the cllient experiences
consiously, client and counselor explore unconscious messages, especially through thge interpretation
of dreams, toward the client achieving a true, positive self.
Analytic Techniques/Terms - Answer-Introvert/extrovert, anima ( the femine side of men), animus ( the
masculine side of women), archetypes (response pattern occurring universally), collective unconscious
(determined by the evolution of the human species, Individuation, Mask Persona, Public mask, Shadow
(negative side of an individual)
, Adler (Individual Psychology) - Answer-1. Individuals need to be viewed in the context of their social
relationships.
2. Psychopathology occurs when the individual develops inappropriate strategies to overcompensate for
feelings of inferiority.
3. Birth order influences the development of life style.
4. Life-style developed in childhood to compensate for inferiortiy and weakness. Established by age 4 or
5, a style of life is the principle that explains the uniqueness of the individual. No two people have the
same style of life. By creating a goal and the means to its achievement, creative self gives meaning to
life.
5. Superiority results from striving to overcome inferiority. Term "inferiority complex" refers to a sense
of inadequacy. Theorized that every person has a sense of inferiority and strives for superiority.
6. Primary therapeutic approach is encouragement.
7. Humans have inborn social interests and are motivated by their social urges.
8. Goals of individual counseling: (1) identify and explore faulty assumptions and mistaken goals. (2)
reeducation of clients towards constructive goals. (3) challenge and change fundamental premises, life
goals, and basic concepts. (4) help clients overcome inferiorities and understand themselves.
Adler Birth Order and Personality - Answer-1. First born/oldest child: As a child, this individual suddently
has to share his parents' attention when the second child is born. If proper transition does not occur, the
first born may become insecure and dislike people. If proper transition occurs, he/she will be
responsible, dependable, hard working, and achievement oriented. 1st child generally has more rapid
language acquisition, achieves better grades and has higher scores on IQ tests, is more achievement
oriented and socially responsible.
2. Second child: From the beginning of his/her life, individual shares attention and competes with older
sibling. Often ambitious and well turned out over the long run.
3. Middle Child: Feels left out, develops a "poor me attitude" and sees life as unfair.
4. Youngest Child: Spoiled, influenced by others, often develps in directions not thought of by others and
is most likely liked.
5. Only child: May not learn to share and cooperate. Deals well with adults, wants center stage.
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