Exam (elaborations)
Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity
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Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity
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Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and ImmunityCellular Adaptation - Cells react to environmental stress by changing in size, number, or structure to
maintain integrity and function.
Atrophy - Decrease in cell size.
Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia - Increase in cell number.
Metaplasia - Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.
Dysplasia - Deranged cellular growth.
Apoptosis - Programmed cell death where the cell shrinks, forms blebs, and is phagocytized.
Oncosis - Cell death characterized by inflammation and swelling.
Necrosis - Secondary process after cells have died, caused by premature cell death and accumulation of
dead tissue.
Stressor - Triggers stress response in hypothalamus
Sympathetic Branch of ANS - Activated during stress response
, Pituitary Gland - Part of stress response initiation
Stage of Resistance - Coping mechanisms utilized
Stage of Exhaustion - Body can't produce alarm hormones, leading to disease onset
Factors Influencing Adaptation - Includes genetics, age, gender, health status, nutrition, and
psychosocial factors
Catecholamines - Neurotransmitters in fight or flight response
Epinephrine - Also known as adrenaline, increases heart rate and contractility
Cortisol - Endogenous corticosteroid involved in stress response
Gluconeogenesis - Cortisol function in creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Lipolysis - Cortisol function in breaking down fats
Lipogenesis - Cortisol function in creating fats
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis - Regulates stress response
Innate Immunity - First line of defense against pathogens
Adaptive Immunity - Immunity acquired through exposure
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