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NURS 8024 PHARM EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024

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NURS 8024 PHARM EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024

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  • November 7, 2024
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  • NURS 8024 PHARM
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NURS 8024 PHARM EXAM 1

2 Major drug administration routes - ANSWERS-Enteral

Parenteral



Enteral Drug Administration - ANSWERS-Easily self-administered,

• Drug absorption pathways complicated

• First-pass metabolism can limit the

amount of drug that enters systemic

circulation

• Influenced by food and other drugs



Parenteral Drug Administration - ANSWERS-• Intravenous, intramuscular and
subcutaneous

• More control over actual dose of drug

• Direct into systemic circulation



→ Bypasses first-pass effect and harsh GI environment

• Can be used for drugs poorly absorbed GI

• Rapid onset of action



Disadvantages of parenteral drug administration - ANSWERS--Can't take it back

,- infection risk



Other routes of administration - ANSWERS-• Inhalation

• Rapid delivery, large surface area - (good for gases, aerosols, respiratory drugs)

• Nasal

• Intrathecal/intraventricular

• Topical

• Transdermal

• Rectal - 50% of circulatory drainage bypasses portal circulation



Drug transport Mechanisms - ANSWERS-passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
active transport



Drug absorption - ANSWERS-• Drugs are typically weak acids or weak bases

• Acidic drugs release a Hᶧ causing a charged anion to form

• Drug passes readily when uncharged



Role of size and molecular weight in drug absorption - ANSWERS-• Drugs can vary
in size from MW of 7 (lithium) to 50,000

(thrombolytic enzymes)

• Most drugs have molecular weight from 100-1000

• Smaller size

,→ easier to cross membranes



Concentration of a drug depends on - ANSWERS-• pH of the drug

• compartment site

• pka of drug



pKa of a drug - ANSWERS-the pH of a solution when 50% of the drug is ionized



Factors in Absorption and Distribution - ANSWERS-Chemical properties

• Solubility

Hydrophilic (lipophobic)

Lipophilic (hydrophobic)

• Chemical nature - pH and pKa

• Molecular weight

• Partition coefficient



Lipid Barriers - ANSWERS-separate aqueous compartments in the body
Lipid:aqueous partition coefficient



pKa - ANSWERS-the pH at which the concentrations of the ionized and

non-ionized forms are equal

, Partition Coefficient - ANSWERS-• ratio of lipid solubility to aqueous solubility

• the higher the partition coefficient, the more membrane soluble

is the substance



Factors influencing GI Absorption - ANSWERS-• Blood flow- Intestinal blood flow >
stomach blood flow

• pH - especially w/ H2 receptor blocker or proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

• Intestinal surface area (microvilli) (1000x more than stomach)

• Contact time with absorptive surface- Variables

• Rapid vs slow GI transport

• Parasympathetic input -

↑ rate of gastric emptying

• Sympathetic input

→ delayed gastric emptying

• Food

→ delayed absorption



Bioavailability - ANSWERS-Fraction of chemically unchanged drug that

reaches systemic circulation



Factors influencing bioavailability - ANSWERS-• First pass metabolism

• Solubility

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