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PNCB - Pediatric Nursing Certification Board: Qs & As
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PNCB - Pediatric Nursing Certification Board: Qs & As
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PNCB - Pediatric Nursing Certification Board: Qs & AsLow birth weight Right Ans - Less than or equal to 2,500 grams
Very low birth weight Right Ans - Less than or equal to 1,500 grams
Extremely low birth weight Right Ans - Less than or equal to 1,000 grams
LGA Right Ans - Large for gestational age; weight is above the 90th
percentile; often associated with diabetic pregnancies
SGA Right Ans - Small for gestational age
Symmetric intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): weight, length, and head
circumference are SGA; reflects long-standing compromise and/or factors that
are intrinsic to the infant such as a syndrome complex
Asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): underweight for length
and head circumference; reflects acute compromise extrinsic to fetus such as
placental insufficiency
Newborn weight loss Right Ans - Initial 8-10% weight loss in average
newborn in first 3-4 days of life is usually regained by 7 days if formula fed
and 14 days if breastfed
Weight gain in infants Right Ans - -Weight doubles by 6 months, triples by
1 year, and quadruples by 2 years
-Weight gain of 5-7 ounces per week during the first 6 months
-Weight gain of 12-20 ounces per month during months 6-12
-Average weight gain in second year is 8-9 ounces per month
-Birth weight should be tripled by 1 year
Length in infants Right Ans - -Length usually increases by 50% by year 1,
doubles by 4 years, and triples by 13 years
-Increases by 1 inch (2.54 cm) per month during the first 6 months
-Then 0.5 inches per month through the first year
Head circumference in infants Right Ans - -Increases 0.5 inches (1.3 cm)
per month during the first 6 months
-Then 0.3 inches per month through the first year
,Cranial sutures/fontanels Right Ans - -Cranial sutures close during the first
year of life
-Posterior fontanel closes by 6-8 weeks of age
-Anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 months of age
Dental development Right Ans - -Formation of teeth begins during the third
fetal months and continues through adolescence
-Primary or deciduous teeth are first set of teeth that are later replaced by
permanent teeth
-Eruption time can vary greatly, but eruption sequence of deciduous teeth is
generally consistent
Palmar grasp infant reflex Right Ans - Strongest by 1-2 months, disappears
by 3 months
Plantar grasp infant reflex Right Ans - Disappears after 8 months
Moro infant reflex Right Ans - -Non-survival reflex
-Disappears by 6 months
Stepping infant reflex Right Ans - -Non-survival infant reflex
-Disappears before voluntary walking
Asymmetric tonic neck (fencing) infant reflex Right Ans - -Diminishes by 3-
4 months, disappears by 6 months
Infant vision Right Ans - -Blink reflex and pupil constriction to light are
indicative of newborn vision
-Can focus on objects 4 to 30 inches away, including caretaker's face during
feedings
-Binocular vision develops between 4-6 months
-Visual acuity difficult to measure
Infant hearing Right Ans - -Greater auditory acuity for high- rather than
low-frequency sounds
-Responsiveness to "motherese" as high-pitched "baby talk"
Infant emotional development Right Ans - -Social smile in response to
person begins around 6 weeks
,-Stranger anxiety begins around 6 months of age and peaks around 12 months
-Separation anxiety begins around 8-9 months and peaks around 14 months
Birth-5 months language milestones Right Ans - -Coos
-Vocalizes pleasure and displeasure sounds differently (laughs, giggles, cries,
or fusses)
-Makes noise when talked to
6-11 months language milestones Right Ans - -Understands "no-no"
-Babbles (says "ba-ba-ba")
-Says "mama or dada" without meaning
-Tries to communicate by actions or gestures
-Tries to repeat your sounds
-Says first word
12-17 months language milestones Right Ans - -Answers simple questions
nonverbally
-Says two to three words to label a person or object (pronunciation may not
be clear)
-Tries to imitate simple words
-Vocabulary of four to six words
18-23 months language milestones Right Ans - -Vocabulary of 50 words,
pronunciation is often unclear
-Asks for common foods by name
-Makes animal sounds, such as "moo"
-Starts to combine words such as "more milk"
-Begins to use pronouns, such as "mine"
-Uses two-word phrases
Toddler/preschooler physical growth Right Ans - -Reduced growth rate
between 2 and 6 years, resulting in fewer caloric needs and decreased
appetite
-Growth in length is about 3 inches (7.6 cm) per year
-Weight gain is about 4 pounds (1.8 kg) per year
Toddler/preschooler language development Right Ans - -Expressive: Up to
425 word vocabulary with 75% speech understandable at 2 years; Increased
complexity of sentences including 4 to 5 words at 3 years
, -Receptive: carries out two to three item commands at 3 years; understands
opposite analogies at 4 years; understands "if", "because", and "when" at 5
years
Authoritative parenting Right Ans - Firm limits but opportunity for
dialogue; high expectations, high support, and high parent-child
communication; associated with the best child outcomes
Play Right Ans - -Infancy: solitary play as the earliest level of sensorimotor
or skill mastery play; associated with little awareness of other children
-Toddlers: onlooker play is common (watching other children play); Parallel
play is predominant style of play
-Preschoolers: Associative play - some interaction and sharing of toys, but not
organized or consistent; Cooperative play - taking turns and playing together;
Dramatic or pretend play; Rough and tumble play
Toddler/preschooler gender identity Right Ans - -2 year olds can
distinguish gender and will identify themselves as a boy or girl
-3-4 year olds tend to show sex-typed preferences; gender identity is usually
firmly established and unlikely to change
-5 to 6 year olds begin to express notions about how males and females
should dress, behave, and feel
Birth-3 months motor milestones Right Ans - -Lifts and turns head when
lying prone
-When lying supine, will turn head to hear or see something
-Random movements become more purposeful but are typically large, jerky
movements
-Brings hands to mouth
-Grasp is a reflex
3-6 months motor milestones Right Ans - -Actively moves arm (reaches
and swipes) when a child sees an object of interest
-Grasps object voluntarily
-Plays with own hands and feet
-Watches.plays with hands/toys at midline
-Transfers toys fram hand to hand
-When lying prone, lifts head and chest with weight on hands
-Holds head upright and steady
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