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basic knowledge of sensors and transducers.
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1. What are sensors .A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment .The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any number of
other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to a
human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing. Sensors can be categorized in multiple ways.
One common approach is to classify them as either active or passive.
An active sensor is one that requires an external power source to be able to
respond to environmental input and generate output. For example, sensors used
in weather satellites often require some source of energy to provide
meteorological data about the Earth's atmosphere.
A passive sensor, on the other hand, doesn't require an external power source to
detect environmental input. It relies on the environment itself for its power, using
sources such as light or thermal energy. A good example is the mercury-based
glass thermometer.
Some types of sensors, such as seismic and infrared light sensors, are available in both
active and passive forms. The environment in which the sensor is deployed typically
determines which type is best suited for the application. As with active and passive
sensors, some types of sensors such as thermal or pressure sensors are available in both
analog and digital forms. In this case, too, the environment in which the sensor will
operate typically determines which is the best option.
2. Explain Need of Sensors.
Sensors are important because they allow devices to gather information about their
environment and make decisions based on that information. For example, a
temperature sensor can help a thermostat regulate the temperature in a room, while a
motion sensor can trigger a security system when it detects movement. In short, sensors
help devices become more intelligent and responsive to their surroundings.
Additionally, sensors can also help improve efficiency and accuracy in various
industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation. They can be used to
monitor equipment performance, track inventory, and even detect potential safety
hazards. Overall, sensors play a crucial role in enabling the development and
implementation of AI technologies that can enhance our daily lives.
Furthermore, sensors are becoming increasingly important in the development of smart
homes and cities. They can be used to monitor energy usage, traffic flow, and air
quality, among other things. This data can then be used to optimize resource allocation
and improve overall quality of life. As AI technology continues to advance, sensors will
likely become even more integral to our daily lives, helping us to live more efficiently
and sustainably.
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, 3. Selection criteria of transducers
The following factors are to be considered while selecting a transducer for further
applications:-
1. Operating range : The range of transducer should be appropriate for
measurement to get a good resolution.
2. Operating Principle : The transducers are selected on the basis of operating
principle it may be resistive, inductive, capacitive, optical etc.
3. Accuracy : The accuracy should be as high as possible or as per the
measurement.
4. Range : The transducer can give good result within its specified range, so select
transducer as per the operating range.
5. Sensitivity : The transducer should be more sensitive to produce the output or
sensitivity should be as per requirement.
6. Environmental compatibility : The transducer should maintain input and output
characteristic for the selected environmental condition.
7. Loading effect: The transducer’s input impedance should be high and output
impedance should be low to avoid loading effect.
8. Errors : The error produced by the transducer should be low as possible.
4. Explain any one application of MOSFET
Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistors commonly known as MOSFETs
are electronic devices used to switch or amplify voltages in circuits. It is a voltage
controlled device and is constructed by three terminals.
The terminals of MOSFET are named as follows:
Source
Gate
Drain
Body
Application of MOSFET:-
MOSFET as an amplifier:-
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, Here we take basic enhancement type MOSFET for operation. The
simple amplifying circuit using MOSFET is shown in the figure. For a good
amplifying signal we must require to get an operating point for that circuit. Here
input signal is applied between gate (G) and source (S) to generate require gate
signal for getting an operating point.An outputt is taken between the drain (D)
and source (S). Simple MOSFET amplifier is shown in the figure.
5. Explain clean room technology.
A clean area is a ―specified area in which the concentration of airborne
particles is regulated and classified, and which has been designed and is being
operated appropriately for regulating the introduction, formation and deposition of
particles in the area.‖
This area can be of different sizes. You do not always have to set up a
complete cleanroom to protect the product from harmful particles.
Cleanroom technology thus includes all technical and operational measures
avoiding the potential risk of contamination for products.
The measures to be taken depend to a large extent on the process and the
respective requirement. Frequently used solutions in cleanroom technology are
minienvironments, cabin solutions, conventional cleanrooms, etc., which are selected
and implemented depending on the required purity class and process specifics.
The term cleanroom technology is often considered too narrowly due to the
―room‖ fragment. For cleanroom technology covers a far wider range than just the
cleanroom itself. This is why the term ―contamination control‖ is basically more
accurate.
The product to be protected is always in the centre of cleanroom
technology. Together with the process consideration and the requirements, the best
possible cleanliness solution can be found and implemented.
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