HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A++
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A++
HIV can be transmitted as a result of contact with infected
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
Transmission of HIV occurs through (3)
sexual intercourse with an infected partner
exposure to HIV-inf...
human immunodeficiency virus infection questions a
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A++
HIV can be transmitted as a result of contact with infected
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
Transmission of HIV occurs through (3)
sexual intercourse with an infected partner
exposure to HIV-infected blood or blood products
perinatal transmission during pregnancy, at delivery, or
through breastfeeding
Variables that influence whether infection will be established after an exposure
include (3)
(1) duration and frequency of contact with the organism
(2) volume, virulence, and concentration of the organism
(3) host immune status.
The most common mode of HIV transmission is
unprotected sexual contact with an HIV-infected partner.
Sexual activity involves contact with semen, vaginal secretions, and/or blood, all
of which have ___ that may contain HIV
lymphocytes
,During any form of sexual intercourse (anal, vaginal, or oral), the risk of infection
is greater for the partner who receives the __ , although infection can also be
transmitted to the inserting partner. For this reason, it is easier for ___ to get HIV.
semen;
women
In addition, ___ __ from other sexually transmitted infections (e.g., herpes,
syphilis) significantly increase the likelihood of transmission.
genital lesions
HIV can be transmitted
during exposure to blood through ___ equipment. Used equipment may be
contaminated with HIV and
other blood-borne organisms, and sharing that equipment can
result in disease transmission
drug-using
___ ___ are the most common means of workrelated HIV transmission.
Puncture wounds
The risk is higher if the exposure involves blood from a patient with a high level
of circulating HIV, a __ puncture wound, a needle with a ____ __ and visible ___, a
device used for venous or arterial access, or a patient who dies within 60 days
deep ; hollow bore and visible blood
Perinatal transmission from an HIV-infected mother to her infant can occur during
(3)
pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding
,On average, 25% of infants born to
women with untreated HIV infection are born with HIV. Fortunately, the risk of
transmission can be reduced to less than 2% in settings where pregnant women
are routinely tested for HIV infection and, if found to be infected, treated with ___
___ __
antiretroviral therapy (ART).
HIV is an RNA virus. RNA viruses are called __ because they replicate in a
"backward" manner (going from
RNA to DNA).
retroviruses
___ receptors are proteins normally found in cell membranes that respond to
chemokines outside the cell and trigger a response inside the cell. HIV uses the
___ receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 as co-receptors (CD4 is the main receptor) to
support binding and entry into the CD4+ T cell
Chemokine; chemokine
Once bound, viral RNA enters the CD4+ T cell, where it is
transcribed into a single strand of viral DNA with the assistance
of ___ __ , an enzyme made by retroviruses.
reverse transcriptase
This strand copies itself, becoming double-stranded viral DNA, which then enters
the cell's nucleus and, using another enzyme called ___ , splices itself into the
human genome, becoming a permanent part of the cell's genetic structure.
integrase
, Initial infection with HIV results in __ (large amounts of virus in the blood). This is
followed within a few weeks by a prolonged period in which HIV levels in the
blood remain low
even without treatment (see Fig. 15-1). During this time, which may last for more
than __years, clinical symptoms can be limited.
viremia ; 10
HIV infects human cells with CD4 receptors on their surfaces,
including lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, astrocytes,
and oligodendrocytes. However, immune dysfunction in
HIV infection is predominantly the result of damage to and
destruction of __ T cells (also known as ___ or ___).
CD4+; T helper cells or CD4+ T lymphocytes
Adults without immune dysfunction normally have ___ to __ CD4+ T cells per
microliter (μL) of blood
800 to 1200
The normal life span of a CD4+ T cell is about __ days, but HIV-infected CD4+ T
cells die after an average of only __ days.
100; 2
Severe problems develop with fewer than __ CD4+ T cells/μL
200
With HIV, a point is eventually reached where so many CD4+ T cells
have been destroyed that not enough are left to regulate immune
responses (see Fig. 15-1). This allows ___ ___ (infections and cancers that occur
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