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Cognitive Science - FINAL () Read bio Exam Questions and Answers
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Cognitive Science - FINAL () Read bio Exam Questions and Answers
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Cognitive Science - FINAL (2024-2025)**Read bio Exam Questions and
Answers
Module 7 ahead (Language) - Answers -
Why language? - Answers -Cognitive Science is Linguistics, plus a little vision (Jerry
Fodor)
7 Essential Features of Language - Answers -Mode, Meaning, Arbitrariness,
Discreteness, Displacement, Productivity, Cultural Transmission
Case Study - bees - Answers -mode, meaning, arbitrariness, displacement
Mental Grammar - Answers -Competence - Knowing what to say - Subconscious
knowledge of language
Performance - being able to say it - Coordinating Linguistic knowledge and other
cognitive systems
Linguistic Knowledge - Answers -Sounds - inventory, sequences (Phonology)
Words - forms, parts, building (morphology)
Sentences - word order, sentence structure (syntax)
Meaning - word meaning, sentence meaning (semantic)
Consonants/vowels/etc. slides - Answers -slides 9-12
Timeline of Cognitive Revolution (linguistics/Language)
Noam Chomsky focus - Answers -1957 Noam Chomsky - Syntactic Structures (Phrase,
structure, grammar)
,Language is about structure - Answers -Lexicon - mental store of words and meanings
Syntax - rules that combine words into structures
Hierarchical structure - "I have to go feed my baby turtles" - Answers -slide 18
-you can't guess the meaning of a word based on how it sounds
-how you model words or phrases
-underlying mental representations
C-Command - up one level, then down - Answers -slides 19-20 (sorry i can't include
pictures of these)
Recursion - Answers -Infinite use of finite means; "Dana saw Fox..." (slide 21)
SVO, VSO, OSV, SOV, VOS, OVS - Answers -slide 22
Diversity of Structure slides - Answers -slides 23-28
-most languages have the same hierarchical structure, just different top-down order
-Some have the exact same structure entirely
The Structure of Sound - even words have hierarchical structure - Answers -slides 29-
30
mental grammar - Answers -Mental Store of sounds, words, and rules to create
language
competence - Answers -linguistic knowledge - the set of representations and algorithms
recursion - Answers -property of human language - structures that embed themselves
design features - Answers -properties that define human language
performance - Answers -the ability to execute the algorithms by the mind
c-command - Answers -structural relation that defines many syntactic phenomena
The Behaviorist View - Answers -our linguistic behavior is a function of ambient
environmental stimuli -- a direct causal relation between the environment and our
linguistic behavior
Poverty of the Stimulus - Answers -the stimulus the learner is exposed to
underestimates their knowledge of language
, Children lack sufficient input, negative evidence, correction for the complexities of their
language
Linear vs. Hierarchical - Answers -Linear String - "The juice that the child spilled stained
the rug"
hierarchical structure - picture
Universal Grammar - Answers -some parts of mental grammar are innate
Fluent speaker: universal grammar + linguistic input
Eric Lenneberg - biologically controlled behaviors - Answers -The behavior emerges
before it is necessary.
Its appearance is not the result of conscious decision.
Its emergence is not directly triggered by external events.
Direct teaching and intensive practice have relatively little effect.•
There is a regular sequence of "milestones" as the behavior develops.
There is likely to be a critical period for the acquisition of the behavior.
The tragedy of Genie Wiley in language (Critical Period) - Answers -What happens if
you don't get language input? In what kinds of circumstances could this arise?
Home sign - Answers -Home signs of absent language - no consistent meaning-symbol
relationship; do not pass on from generation to generation; not shared by a large group
Nicaraguan Sign Language - Answers -1980: first school for the deaf opened in
Managua, Nicaragua
First gen: home sign
Second gen: full language
Productivity, stable word order, all the complexity of any natural language
Possible languages and existing languages - Answers -The languages we observe are
a subset of the languages we can imagine
Poverty of the stimulus (full definition) - Answers -argument that children do not have
sufficient input to learn language
Language Deprivation (full definition) - Answers -being deprived of all linguistic input
Pidgin - Answers -a limited system created by people with no common language
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