BIO 123 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025-2026
microbe
organism invisible to the naked eye
types of microbes
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus. smaller than eukaryotic cells.
types of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
eukaryote
organism whose cells contain nuclei
eukaryotes
protozoa, algae
bacteria
prokaryotic. cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
archaea
prokaryotic. live in harsh conditions. cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan.
saprophytes
organisms that live on dead organic matter
fungi
consists of yeasts and molds
classified by sexual reproduction
causes diseases called mycoses usually from inhaling or contacting spores can be
dimorphic; appear as yeasts or molds during growth often treated with azoles. yeasts
unicellular fungi smooth colonies reproduce asexually via budding molds multicellular
,fungi usually fuzzy because of hyphae reproduce asexually via spores protozoa
prokaryotic. usually motile organisms. algae eukaryotic. uni- or multicellular.
photosynthetic. viruses
tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells
in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the
process releasing new particles to infect other cells
requirements of life
1. maintain a stable environment.
2. capture, utilize, and store energy.
3. synthesize macromolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)
4. contain, express, and replicate genetic information
5. adapt to changes in the environment
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
father of microbiology. first to observe bacteria.
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
Schleiden and Schwann
developed cell theory
Cell Theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and
,function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Germ Theory of Disease
idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms
spontaneous generation
the false belief that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. "the authorities"
Francesco Redi
This scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that maggots
did not spontaneously emerge from decaying meat.
John T. Needham
He used the experiment with the heated vials of beef gravy and plant materials to
conclude that there must be a "life force" of some kind that takes matter that is
inanimate and makes it spontaneously take life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur
A French Chemist, this gentleman discovered that heat would kill bacteria that
otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine and beer. developed the swan neck flask.
etiology
study of the cause of disease
Robert Koch
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
, agar medium
A nutrient-rich, jelly-like solid used to grow bacterial cultures. allows one to dilute liquid
cultures on a single surface to isolate different types of bacteria.
Koch's Postulates
1. The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not
in healthy organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure
culture.
3. The microorganism, when cultivated, must cause disease in a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental
host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
magnification
the ratio of an object's image size to its real size
resolution
the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object
contrast
ability to distinguish two organisms from a background using shading
wavelength and light
the smaller the wavelength, the greater the resolution
light microscopy
microbe
organism invisible to the naked eye
types of microbes
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus. smaller than eukaryotic cells.
types of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
eukaryote
organism whose cells contain nuclei
eukaryotes
protozoa, algae
bacteria
prokaryotic. cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
archaea
prokaryotic. live in harsh conditions. cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan.
saprophytes
organisms that live on dead organic matter
fungi
consists of yeasts and molds
classified by sexual reproduction
causes diseases called mycoses usually from inhaling or contacting spores can be
dimorphic; appear as yeasts or molds during growth often treated with azoles. yeasts
unicellular fungi smooth colonies reproduce asexually via budding molds multicellular
,fungi usually fuzzy because of hyphae reproduce asexually via spores protozoa
prokaryotic. usually motile organisms. algae eukaryotic. uni- or multicellular.
photosynthetic. viruses
tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells
in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the
process releasing new particles to infect other cells
requirements of life
1. maintain a stable environment.
2. capture, utilize, and store energy.
3. synthesize macromolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)
4. contain, express, and replicate genetic information
5. adapt to changes in the environment
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
father of microbiology. first to observe bacteria.
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
Schleiden and Schwann
developed cell theory
Cell Theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and
,function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Germ Theory of Disease
idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms
spontaneous generation
the false belief that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. "the authorities"
Francesco Redi
This scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that maggots
did not spontaneously emerge from decaying meat.
John T. Needham
He used the experiment with the heated vials of beef gravy and plant materials to
conclude that there must be a "life force" of some kind that takes matter that is
inanimate and makes it spontaneously take life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur
A French Chemist, this gentleman discovered that heat would kill bacteria that
otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine and beer. developed the swan neck flask.
etiology
study of the cause of disease
Robert Koch
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
, agar medium
A nutrient-rich, jelly-like solid used to grow bacterial cultures. allows one to dilute liquid
cultures on a single surface to isolate different types of bacteria.
Koch's Postulates
1. The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not
in healthy organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure
culture.
3. The microorganism, when cultivated, must cause disease in a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental
host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
magnification
the ratio of an object's image size to its real size
resolution
the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object
contrast
ability to distinguish two organisms from a background using shading
wavelength and light
the smaller the wavelength, the greater the resolution
light microscopy
