Cognitive Science Exam #2 Questions With Correct Answers
4 views 0 purchase
Course
Cognitive Science
Institution
Cognitive Science
Cognitive Science Exam #2 Questions With Correct Answers
Gardner's Hexagon - Answer--A hexagonal image showing the connection of 5 disciplines that make up Cog Sci
-Philosophy, Linguistics, Anthropology, Neuroscience, AI, and Psychology
-Solid line is a strong connection, dashed is weaker
-Ne...
Cognitive Science Exam #2 Questions
With Correct Answers
Gardner's Hexagon - Answer--A hexagonal image showing the connection of 5
disciplines that make up Cog Sci
-Philosophy, Linguistics, Anthropology, Neuroscience, AI, and Psychology
-Solid line is a strong connection, dashed is weaker
-Neuroscience considered unimportant (made before the turn to the brain)
-Does not explain why the connections exist or what each field contributes
-Created by the Sloan company by experts of each field
/.Competence - Answer--Studied by Linguists
-Abstract structure of language
/.Peformance - Answer--Studied by Psychologists
-The mechanisms that make language possible
/.Philosophy - Answer--Study how the abstract mind is realized by the brain
/.Linguistics - Answer--Study competence/abstract structure of language
/.Anthropology - Answer--Study the social dimensions of cognition, and how it changes
across cultures
/.Neuroscience - Answer--Study how the brain works
/.AI - Answer--Study computer models and simulations of cognitive abilities
/.Psychology - Answer--Study of psychological and emotional capacities
-Many fields of psychology because we have many emotional capacities
/.Neuroscience organization - Answer--Neuroscience organized vertically, into levels
-Unlike Psych, which is organized horizontally in terms of domains
-Behavior->Systems/Pathways->Neurons->synapses->etc
-Organization of the subfields of neuroscience map closely to the organization of the
brain
/.Integration Challenge - Answer--The ultimate goal of Cognitive science
-Mind too complex to study with only one field with only their tools; how do we integrate
the different fields of study into one unified field
-Must explain how the different disciplines relate
-Disciplines vary in: Organization of their subfields, Techniques/tools they use, Variation
in cognitive domains they study
-3 Aproaches: Local, global, and mental architecture
,/.Bermudez' Solution to the integration Challenge - Answer--3D Space Model
-Axises: Cognitive Domain, Techniques/tools, Levels of organization
-Ignores development, doesn't show the qualitative strength of connections
/.Local Integration Challenge - Answer--Method of tackling the integration challenge
through concrete examples where cog scientists have bridged concepts
-2 Methods: Reasoning/Evolutionary Psych and Neural Activity/Bold signal
/.Local Integration 1 - Answer--Method to tackling the integration challenge; Reasoning
and Evolutionary Psych
-People are inherently prone to errors in deductive reasoning, because of cognitive
mechanisms that evolved to solve adaptive problems (Cheater detection module for
example)
-Solutions of adaptive problems EXPLAINS emergence of a cheater detection module
EXPLAINS patterns of error in logical reasoning tasks
/.Local Integration 2 - Answer--Method to tackling the integration challenge; How to
connect the signals from PET or fMRI to actual neural activities
-Studied BOLD contrast to determine if its associated with neuronal input or output
-Used Microelectrodes to measure firing rates SDF (output) and Local Field Potential
(input)
-LFP more correlated to BOLD than SDF
-Example of Local integration because it bridged the large scale cognitive activity we
see from BOLD to actual neural activity
/.Global Integration - Answer--Method to tackling the integration challenge
-2 Methods: Marr's Tri-Level, Intertheoretic reduction
/.Marr's Tri-Level Approach - Answer--Possible Solution to Global Integration Challenge
-Way of bridging levels of explanation, with the constituent disciplines located on at
least one level of analysis
-Computational (assumption that Cog systems are info-processing), Algorithmic (must
difine the transformation/encoding of info), Implementational (Neuroanatomy)
-Most of our theories have yet to be fleshed out implementationally
-Frame problem: Algorithmic seems only applicable to Modular processes
/.Intertheoretic Reduction Theory - Answer--Possible Solution to Global Integration
Challenge, derived from the natural sciences
-Reduction is transitive, so all sciences are reducible to the most fundamental form of
physics
-Debate over whether it can be applied to cog sci, because the few laws that exist in
cog sci are different in nature than those of the physical sciences (cog sci laws predict,
but don't explain WHY something occurs
/.Mental Architecture Approach - Answer--Possible Solution to the Integration Challenge
, -Assumes Cognition is a form of info-processing, gives a blueprint of how the mind is
organized and how it processes info
-Asks in what format the mind carries info, how does the system transform info (Serial
vs Parallel computation), and how the mind is organized into info-processing subunits
(Massively Modular vs Dual processing) -- explains why cog systems are info
processing
-2 theories of info processing: PSSH and Connectionist Networks
/.Logic and Probability Theory - Answer--Common hypothesis that human reasoning is
governed by Logic and Probability rules
-Logic Principles: Yes-or-no questions
-Probability Rules: How likely it is an event will occur
-These principles are Domain General (Inferences that work regardless of explicitly
what is being used )
/.Conditional Reasoning - Answer-Reasoning of the "If..Then..." structure
/.Wason Selection Task - Answer--Research in conditional reasoning
-Subjects given four cards with numbers and letters on opposite side; If a card has a
vowel on one side then it has an even number on the other (ex. E C 4 5)
-We usually fail because you use the wrong domain general rule of affirming the
consequent (We choose E and 4, not E and 5)
-However, when using real-world examples (drinking age and being a cop) the error rate
is greatly reduced (If a person is drinking beer, then that person must be over 19 years
of age)--Deontic Conditionals
-Casava root social exchange improvement shows not just familiarity (college kids with
beer)
/.Deontic Conditionals - Answer--A condition that has to do with permission,
entitlements, or prohibitions
-We are much better at selection task when doing these (we have domain specific
inferences
-Supposedly because of Cheater Detection Module
/.Massive Modularity Thesis - Answer--Domain-specific cognitive structures that we've
evolved to have to solve adaptive problems make up the mind (Cheater detection,
finding a mate)
/.Cheater Detection Module - Answer--Cheater Detection Module allowed for us to now
when is a defector/free riding (benefit without the cost)
-Explains our performance on Deontic Conditionals
-Raises question of how come evolution rewarded cooperation when it should favor
those who take and don't give back; solved by Prisoners Dilemma
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller kartelodoc. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
