BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid - ANSWERS-Na+
Most abundant anion in extracellular fluid - ANSWERS-Cl-
Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid - ANSWERS-K+
Most abundant anions in intracellular fluid - ANSWERS-proteins and phosphates
Buffer systems - ANSWERS-consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid,
functions as a weak base
Main buffer systems of the body are - ANSWERS-protein buffer system, carbonic
acid-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system
,Protein buffer system - ANSWERS-most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and
blood plasma
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - ANSWERS-in the bone
marrow
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWERS-continuously divide and develop myeloid stem
cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - ANSWERS-The process of leukocytes squeezing through
the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - ANSWERS-genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid
antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - ANSWERS-volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been
completed
Increase in ESV when - ANSWERS-stroke volume is decreased
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWERS-carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWERS-the conversion of metabolically
produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid
,fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWERS-remove most old erythrocytes from
circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWERS-narrow capillaries of the
spleen
Three cations with important effect on heart function - ANSWERS-K+, Ca2+, and
Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - ANSWERS-blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force
of contraction
Excess in K+ - ANSWERS-blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - ANSWERS-serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils,
directs air flow inferiorly
larynx - ANSWERS-passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound
production
paranasal sinuses - ANSWERS-resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - ANSWERS-opening from oral cavity into pharynx
, tertiary bronchus - ANSWERS-carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - ANSWERS-carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - ANSWERS-surround the lungs
surfactant - ANSWERS-reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - ANSWERS-actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - ANSWERS-normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - ANSWERS-shallow breathing using just the external intercostal
muscles
compliance - ANSWERS-amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest
wall
inspiratory capacity - ANSWERS-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually
about 3600 mL in males
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