Diagnóstico de Enfermedades
Infecciosas y Parasitarias
Doble Grado en Veterinaria y Producción Animal
Carmen Albaladejo Ramos
,Índice
1. Toma de muestras ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Usos de los análisis de laboratorio ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2. Pruebas complementarias en el diagnóstico de una enfermedad ............................................................ 8
1.3. Toma de muestras ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1. Toma de muestras de sangre.................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Toma de muestras para microbiología ................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.3. Toma de muestras en estudios moleculares .......................................................................................................... 11
1.3.4. Toma de muestras en estudios parasitológicos ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3.5. Toma de muestras en estudios histopatológicos ................................................................................................... 12
2. Diagnóstico molecular ................................................................................................................... 15
2.1. Muestras............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.1. Tipo de agentes infecciosos (y su genoma) ............................................................................................................ 16
2.1.2. ADN ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.3. ARN ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.8. Sistema muscular ................................................................................................................................ 69
3.9. Sistema respiratorio ............................................................................................................................ 70
3.10. Sistema cardiovascular .................................................................................................................... 71
3.11. Piel.................................................................................................................................................. 72
3.12. Sistema urinario .............................................................................................................................. 73
3.13. Sistema nervioso ............................................................................................................................. 75
4. Diagnóstico anatomopatológico .................................................................................................... 76
4.1. Propósitos y utilidades ........................................................................................................................ 76
4.2. Tipos de investigaciones ...................................................................................................................... 76
4.3. Herramientas ...................................................................................................................................... 76
4.3.1. Necropsia o examen post mortem ......................................................................................................................... 76
4.3.2. Biopsia .................................................................................................................................................................... 76
4.4. Claves en el análisis anatomopatológico .............................................................................................. 77
4.4.1. Reconocimiento de patrones .................................................................................................................................. 77
4.6. Estudios adicionales y complementarios .............................................................................................. 81
4.7. Informe anatomopatológico ................................................................................................................ 81
4.8. Conclusiones ....................................................................................................................................... 83
5. Mecanismos de las enfermedades infecciosas ................................................................................ 84
5.1. Secuencia cronológica de pasos en las infecciones microbianas ............................................................ 84
3
, 5.2. Puertas de entrada .............................................................................................................................. 85
5.3. Células y sustancias diana .................................................................................................................... 85
5.4. Mecanismos y vías de infección ........................................................................................................... 86
5.5. Enfermedades bacterianas .................................................................................................................. 87
5.6. Enfermedades víricas.......................................................................................................................... 91
5.6.1. Patogenicidad viral y ciclo de replicación ............................................................................................................... 91
5.7. Enfermedades fúngicas (micosis) ........................................................................................................ 95
5.8. Enfermedades inducidas por protozoos ............................................................................................... 96
5.9. Enfermedades inducidas por priones ................................................................................................... 97
6. Examen macroscópico.................................................................................................................... 99
6.1. Protocolo y proceso de necropsia ........................................................................................................ 99
6.2. Eutanasia ............................................................................................................................................ 99
6.3. Muerte del organismo ......................................................................................................................... 99
6.4. Protocolo y técnica de necropsia........................................................................................................ 101
6.5. Informe de necropsia ........................................................................................................................ 102
6.5.1. Introducción.......................................................................................................................................................... 102
6.5.2. Anamnesis............................................................................................................................................................. 102
6.5.3. Descripción de los hallazgos ................................................................................................................................. 102
6.5.4. Exámenes especiales ............................................................................................................................................ 103
6.5.5. Diagnóstico ........................................................................................................................................................... 103
6.5.6. Recomendaciones destinadas al propietario/clínico remitente ........................................................................... 103
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