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Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias

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Apuntes de la asignatura de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias de la Universidad de Lleida

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  • February 24, 2020
  • 209
  • 2019/2020
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Diagnóstico de Enfermedades
Infecciosas y Parasitarias
Doble Grado en Veterinaria y Producción Animal
Carmen Albaladejo Ramos

,Índice
1. Toma de muestras ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Usos de los análisis de laboratorio ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2. Pruebas complementarias en el diagnóstico de una enfermedad ............................................................ 8
1.3. Toma de muestras ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1. Toma de muestras de sangre.................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Toma de muestras para microbiología ................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.3. Toma de muestras en estudios moleculares .......................................................................................................... 11
1.3.4. Toma de muestras en estudios parasitológicos ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3.5. Toma de muestras en estudios histopatológicos ................................................................................................... 12

2. Diagnóstico molecular ................................................................................................................... 15
2.1. Muestras............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.1. Tipo de agentes infecciosos (y su genoma) ............................................................................................................ 16
2.1.2. ADN ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.3. ARN ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17

2.2. Ácidos nucleicos .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1. Aislamiento de ácidos nucleicos ............................................................................................................................. 17

2.3. Métodos ............................................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1. PCR (PCR-based) ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.2. Arrays ...................................................................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.3. Secuenciación de siguiente generación (Next Generation Sequencing – NGS) ...................................................... 35

2.4. Controles ............................................................................................................................................ 37
2.5. Analysis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) .......................................................... 38
2.5.1. Puntos fuertes (Strenghts) ...................................................................................................................................... 38
2.5.2. Debilidades (weaknesses) ....................................................................................................................................... 39
2.5.3. Oportunidades ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
2.5.4. Amenazas (threats) ................................................................................................................................................. 39

3. Diagnóstico parasitológico ............................................................................................................. 40
3.1. Relación parásito-huésped .................................................................................................................. 40
3.2. Muestras............................................................................................................................................. 41
3.3. Métodos directos ................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.1. Extracción directa ................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.3.2. Raspado / digestión KOH ........................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.3. Tricograma .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
3.3.4. Hisopo ótico / citología de las heridas .................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.5. Cinta adhesiva ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.6. Lavado broncoalveolar / transtraqueal .................................................................................................................. 46
3.3.7. Extracción de sangre y frotis ................................................................................................................................... 47
3.3.8. Ecografía ................................................................................................................................................................. 47
3.3.9. Biopsia e histología ................................................................................................................................................. 48
3.3.10. Triquinoscopio / digestión ...................................................................................................................................... 48
3.3.11. Necropsia ................................................................................................................................................................ 49
3.3.12. Heces y coproscopía ............................................................................................................................................... 49
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, 3.3.13. Coprocultivo ........................................................................................................................................................... 50

3.4. Métodos indirectos ............................................................................................................................. 53
3.4.1. Ensayos inmunológicos ........................................................................................................................................... 53

3.5. Casos clínicos ...................................................................................................................................... 54
3.6. Consideraciones generales en la toma de muestras .............................................................................. 56
3.6.1. Muestras fecales ..................................................................................................................................................... 56
3.6.2. Muestras de sangre ................................................................................................................................................ 56
3.6.3. Muestras de lavados bronco-alveolares ................................................................................................................. 56
3.6.4. Muestras de vísceras .............................................................................................................................................. 56
3.6.5. Muestras de piel ..................................................................................................................................................... 57

3.7. Sistema digestivo ................................................................................................................................ 57
3.7.1. Esófago ................................................................................................................................................................... 57
3.7.2. Preestómagos ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.7.3. Abomaso y estómago ............................................................................................................................................. 59
3.7.4. Intestino .................................................................................................................................................................. 61
3.7.5. Peritoneo ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
3.7.6. Hígado ..................................................................................................................................................................... 67

3.8. Sistema muscular ................................................................................................................................ 69
3.9. Sistema respiratorio ............................................................................................................................ 70
3.10. Sistema cardiovascular .................................................................................................................... 71
3.11. Piel.................................................................................................................................................. 72
3.12. Sistema urinario .............................................................................................................................. 73
3.13. Sistema nervioso ............................................................................................................................. 75

4. Diagnóstico anatomopatológico .................................................................................................... 76
4.1. Propósitos y utilidades ........................................................................................................................ 76
4.2. Tipos de investigaciones ...................................................................................................................... 76
4.3. Herramientas ...................................................................................................................................... 76
4.3.1. Necropsia o examen post mortem ......................................................................................................................... 76
4.3.2. Biopsia .................................................................................................................................................................... 76

4.4. Claves en el análisis anatomopatológico .............................................................................................. 77
4.4.1. Reconocimiento de patrones .................................................................................................................................. 77

4.5. Componentes del análisis anatomopatológico ..................................................................................... 78
4.5.1. Estudio macroscópico ............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.5.2. Estudio microscópico .............................................................................................................................................. 80

4.6. Estudios adicionales y complementarios .............................................................................................. 81
4.7. Informe anatomopatológico ................................................................................................................ 81
4.8. Conclusiones ....................................................................................................................................... 83

5. Mecanismos de las enfermedades infecciosas ................................................................................ 84
5.1. Secuencia cronológica de pasos en las infecciones microbianas ............................................................ 84

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, 5.2. Puertas de entrada .............................................................................................................................. 85
5.3. Células y sustancias diana .................................................................................................................... 85
5.4. Mecanismos y vías de infección ........................................................................................................... 86
5.5. Enfermedades bacterianas .................................................................................................................. 87
5.6. Enfermedades víricas.......................................................................................................................... 91
5.6.1. Patogenicidad viral y ciclo de replicación ............................................................................................................... 91

5.7. Enfermedades fúngicas (micosis) ........................................................................................................ 95
5.8. Enfermedades inducidas por protozoos ............................................................................................... 96
5.9. Enfermedades inducidas por priones ................................................................................................... 97

6. Examen macroscópico.................................................................................................................... 99
6.1. Protocolo y proceso de necropsia ........................................................................................................ 99
6.2. Eutanasia ............................................................................................................................................ 99
6.3. Muerte del organismo ......................................................................................................................... 99
6.4. Protocolo y técnica de necropsia........................................................................................................ 101
6.5. Informe de necropsia ........................................................................................................................ 102
6.5.1. Introducción.......................................................................................................................................................... 102
6.5.2. Anamnesis............................................................................................................................................................. 102
6.5.3. Descripción de los hallazgos ................................................................................................................................. 102
6.5.4. Exámenes especiales ............................................................................................................................................ 103
6.5.5. Diagnóstico ........................................................................................................................................................... 103
6.5.6. Recomendaciones destinadas al propietario/clínico remitente ........................................................................... 103

6.6. Toma de muestras ............................................................................................................................. 103
6.6.1. Estudio histopatológico ........................................................................................................................................ 103
6.6.2. Consideraciones específicas ................................................................................................................................. 105

6.7. Patrones morfológicos de lesión en las enfermedades infecciosas ...................................................... 106
6.7.1. Patrones morfológicos de inflamación ................................................................................................................. 106
6.7.1.1. Catarral ............................................................................................................................................................. 106
6.7.1.2. Vesicular ........................................................................................................................................................... 107
6.7.1.3. Pustular ............................................................................................................................................................ 108
6.7.1.4. Fibrinosa ........................................................................................................................................................... 108
6.7.1.5. Purulenta (= Supurativa) .................................................................................................................................. 109
6.7.1.6. Necrotizante/necrótica .................................................................................................................................... 110
6.7.1.7. Fibrino-necrótica/difteroide ............................................................................................................................. 111
6.7.1.8. Hemorrágica ..................................................................................................................................................... 111
6.7.1.9. Ulcerativa (- Hemorrágica) ............................................................................................................................... 112
6.7.1.10. Proliferativas ................................................................................................................................................ 112
6.7.2. Patrones morfológicos de infección viral ............................................................................................................. 115
6.7.2.1. Necrosis y/o hemorragias................................................................................................................................. 115
6.7.2.2. Trastornos proliferativos – Hiperplasias........................................................................................................... 116
6.7.2.3. Trastornos proliferativos – Neoplasias ............................................................................................................. 116

7. Examen microscópico................................................................................................................... 117

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