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Summary Molecular Biology of the Cell 2 (book) (WBFA007-04)
Summary Regenerative Medicine
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Maastricht University (UM)
Biomedical Sciences
BBS1001 LEGO Bricks of Life (BBS1001)
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BBS1001 Summary
Sugars and Fats 4
Nomenclature 4
Different types of sugars and fats 4
Essential and non-essential fatty acids 7
Chemical structure of sugars and fats 8
What is the function of sugars and fats in our body? 9
Digestion 10
pH and Buffers 12
pH 12
Calculating the pH of a buffer solution 13
What is a buffer and how does it work? 14
Membrane Transport 15
Passive transport 15
Active transport 17
Bulk transport 19
Osmolarity 19
Comparison of different types of membrane transport 20
Cell Structure 21
How is the structure of the mitochondria adapted to its function? 24
Unique features to animal cells 26
Cytoskeleton 27
Cell junctions 31
Intercellular junctions 32
Overview 33
DNA Structure and Replication 50
Structure: 50
Watson and Crick 50
Genetic Information 52
DNA packaging in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes 53
1
, Basis of DNA Replication 54
Enzymes 55
Telomeres 57
Mutations 58
Mutations in Somatic Cells and in Gametes 58
Transcription 62
Transcription in Prokaryotes 63
Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase 63
Prokaryotic promoters 63
Elongation and termination in prokaryotes 64
Prokaryotic termination signals 65
Transcription in Eukaryotes 67
Steps of Transcription 67
Initiation of Transcription 69
The Three Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases 69
Structure of an RNA Polymerase II Promoter 70
Transcription Factors for RNA Polymerase II 70
Promoter Structures for RNA Polymerases I and III 71
Elongation and Termination 71
Post-Transcriptional Modifications 73
Eukaryotic Translation 76
Prokaryotic Translation 84
Protein Modifications 87
The Central Dogma 92
Cell Signalling 93
Signalling Molecules 96
Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway 99
Cell Death 101
Genetics and Inheritance 102
Mendel’s Law of Dominance 103
Mendel’s Law of Segregation 103
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 104
Independent Assortment 104
Genetic Variation 110
Frequency-dependent Selection 116
Sexual Selection 117
Nomenclature for sugars
➔ Sugar refers to all carbohydrates of the general formula Cn(H2O)n
➔ Sucrose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, being composed of one molecule of
glucose linked to one molecule of fructose
➔ Because one molecule of water (H2O) is lost in the condensation reaction linking
glucose to fructose, sucrose is represented by the formula C12H22O11 following the
general formula Cn(H2O)n-1
Nomenclature for fats
➔ Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain
➔ Most fatty acids have 12 to 20 carbons
➔ Most chains have an even number of carbons (synthesized
from two carbon units)
➔ IUPAC nomenclature for a carboxylic acid is -COOH
➔ The name ends in -oic acid
➔ C18:1(n-6): 18 C’s, the last is a COOH-group, between the
6th and 7th double bond (6th bond)
➔ C18:2(n-6) 18 C’s, the last is a COOH-group, between the
6th and 7th a double bond (6th bond)
➔ Lipid free fatty acid nomenclature
1. Draw the fatty acid and number the bends/ corners/ number of carbon atoms
2. Recognize configuration: cis or trans? → mostly cis
3. Δ tells you where the double bond is (always go for the lower number) and
write it as a superscript of Δ
4. Then write the total number of carbon atoms present
5. 18:1 would be the skeleton name (18 carbon atoms, one double bond)
6. Add -oic acid at the end
Different types of sugars and fats
Background knowledge
➔ Carbohydrates: contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
4
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