VTNE PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS
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Course
VTNE PHARMACOLOGY
Institution
VTNE PHARMACOLOGY
Who regulates controlled drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
C-I - ACCURATE ANSWERS Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use
Marajuana, heroin
C-II - ACCURATE ANSWERS Sche...
VTNE PHARMACOLOGY EXAM
2024\2025 WITH GUARANTEED
ACCURATE ANSWERS
VTNE PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 2024\2025 WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Who regulates controlled drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement
Administration)
C-I - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Schedule I drugs have the most
abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use
Marajuana, heroin
C-II - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Schedule II drugs have a high abuse
potential and are prone to cause severe dependence
Written prescription only (except in emergencies with written script
within 72 hrs)
C-III - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Schedule III drugs have moderate
abuse potential with low to moderate risk of dependence (more likely
psychological than physical)
Ketamine, buprenorphine, anabolic steroids, intermediate-acting
barbiturates
C-IV - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Schedule IV drugs have a low
abuse potential and low risk of dependence
Benzodiazepines (diazepam), long-acting barbiturates (phenobarbital)
C-V - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Schedule V drugs have the lowest
risk of abuse or dependence of the scheduled drugs
Compounded drug - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ One that has been
manipulated in a way that is not provided for in an FDA approved drug
label
Five "rights" of drug administration - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔
Right drug
Right amount
Right route
Right time
,Right patient
Therapeutic index (TI) - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Comparison
between a drug's ability to reach the desired effect and its tendency to
produce toxic effects
TI = LD50/ED50
The larger the number, the safer the drug
LD50 - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The dose of a drug that is lethal in
50% of the animals in a trial
ED50 - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The dose of a drug that is effective
in 50% of the animals in a trial
Blood-brain barrier - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A mechanism that
prevents some substances in the blood from reaching the brain. It is
achieved by brain capillaries, which unlike other capillaries elsewhere in
the body, are composed of endothelial cells sealed together in continuous
tight junctions and surrounded by astrocytes that contribute to the
selective passage of substances. Lipid-soluble substances such as
alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and most anaesthetics, as well as glucose,
oxygen and water, pass rapidly into brain cells, whereas proteins, most
antibiotics and ions do not enter or enter very slowly. The mechanism
protects brain cells against harmful substances and pathogens.
Biotransformation - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The process by which
the body inactivates and breaks down a drug and readies it for excretion
, Types include hydroxylation and acetylation
Also known as metabolism
Metabolite - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Byproduct produced when a
drug is metabolized
Can be active or inactive
Antimicrobial drugs - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Kill or inhibit the
growth of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Classified as -cidal (kill the organism) or -static (prevent its replication)
Antimicrobials work via five mechanisms. Name them and give an
example of each. - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 1. Disruption of
microbial cell wall development (penicillins)
2. Damaging the cell membrane of static / adult populations
(polymyxins)
3. Interference with microbial protein synthesis (aminoglycosides)
4. Inhibition of nucleic acid production (griseofulvin, ketoconazole)
5. Disruption of microbial metabolic activity (sulfa drugs)
Classes of antimicrobials - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
Penicillins (amoxicillin)
Cephalosporins (cephalexin)
Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
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