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STUDY UNIT 1Chapter 1: Historical and Political Context of Education in South Africa
EDUCATION:
Defined as a purposeful act where educators help learners acquire necessary skills, knowledge, and values.
It supports learners in fulfilling life roles: family member, citizen, professional, community member, spender of
free time, and selfactualizing individual.
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF EDUCATION:
Forming: Influencing learners with no real choice.
Indoctrination: Imprinting beliefs without critical examination.
Coaching: Improving performance and developing skills through practice.
Conditioning: Stimulusresponse learning shaping behavior.
Training: Preparing learners for specific life roles or careers.
Teaching: Planned activities designed to help learners achieve goals.
Learning: Personal, selfdriven process involving acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE:
Divided into subdisciplines like educational psychology, sociology of education, and history of education.
THE EDUCATION SYSTEM:
Structured to meet the needs of a target group.
Includes policy, administration, teaching structures, and support services like medical services and libraries.
EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS (CONTEXTUAL SOCIETAL FORCES):
Geographical Characteristics: Size, location, and climate of a country impact its education system.
Demographical Tendencies: Population size, growth, and mobility influence education.
Social Systems: Cultural, linguistic, and social stratification affect the structure of education.
Financial/Economic Factors: A country's economy dictates how much it invests in education.
Political Systems: Ruling political ideologies shape education policies.
Worldview and Religion: Dominant beliefs and religions direct education systems.
VALUES IN EDUCATION:
Values guide human conduct and decisionmaking.
Types include spiritual, social, moral, aesthetic, economic, cultural, political, judicial, national, intellectual,
physical, self, emotional, occupational, recreational, security, authoritarian, environmental, life, and timespatial
values.
HISTORY OF EDUCATION:
Offers insight into past educational ideas and practices.
Helps address contemporary issues and design future education systems.
Plays a role in identity formation, selfesteem, civic education, and the moral preparation of teachers.
STUDY UNIT 2
PRACTICAL VALUE OF HISTORY OF EDUCATION:
Helps in understanding contemporary educational issues.
Assists in designing future education systems by learning from past successes and avoiding past mistakes.
, THEORETICAL VALUE OF HISTORY OF EDUCATION:
Provides an explanation of current education systems as products of historical forces.
Enables theoretical insights into educational practices and highlights the visibility of certain theories through
history.
WORLD PERSPECTIVE ON THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION:
Schools first appeared in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (around 3000 BC).
In Ancient Greece, two types of schools developed: physical education (Palestra) and cultural schools
(Didascaleum) focusing on liberal arts.
Great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundation for different educational philosophies.
Roman education focused on practical roles (father, citizen, soldier), emphasizing virtues like piety, courage, and
wisdom.
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION:
Christianity influenced education through church run schools, such as Catechumenal and Cathedral Schools, which
focused on teaching Christian values.
MEDIEVAL EDUCATION:
The rise of universities during the Middle Ages, with significant institutions like the University of Paris and Bologna.
Differences between medieval schools and universities (autonomy, student governance, specialization).
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON EUROPEAN EDUCATION:
The rise of the Islamic Empire and its effect on European education, including the adoption of the Hindu numerical system
and influencing sciences.
HISTORY OF EDUCATION
RENAISSANCE EDUCATION (1450-1650):
- Marked by cultural development in painting, architecture, and literature (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Shakespeare).
- Introduction of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg (1453) revolutionized knowledge dissemination.
- Emergence of palace schools for educating the sons of aristocrats (e.g., Vittorino da Feltre).
- Focus on both Christian religion and Classical subjects (Greek, Latin, Greco-Roman knowledge).
- Expanded education to a broader public, with broader objectives, curriculum, and teaching methods.
REFORMATION EDUCATION:
- Initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, leading to alternative church denominations.
- Two main principles: faith based on the Bible and the individual's understanding of it, not church authorities.
- Education in the vernacular (mother tongue) and not reserved for the elite.
- Churches established primary schools, gradually expanding education access for all.
17TH CENTURY: RATIONALISM AND REALISM:
- Rationalism emphasized reason as a source of knowledge (e.g., Rene Descartes: "I think, therefore I am").
- Realism advocated for subjects of the real world (Biology, Geography, modern foreign languages).
18TH CENTURY: ENLIGHTENMENT AND NATURALISM:
- Enlightenment focused on using reason and critical thinking to examine societal institutions.
- The "Triangle of Revolutions" (Industrial, French, and American) brought technical and vocational education.
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