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TEST BANK FOR VICTIMOLOGY, 9TH EDITION DOERNER (ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED)
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TEST BANK FOR VICTIMOLOGY, 9TH EDITION DOERNER (ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED)
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TEST BANK FOR VICTIMOLOGY, 9TH EDITIONDOERNER (ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED)
Do you think the system's reasons for helping crime victims are altruistic or selfish? Why? -
(ANSWER)The victim is a little more than a witness for the state (alienation)
________ _________ involves the transfer of services or money from the offender to victim for
damages inflicted by the offender. Restitution was clearly outlined in various early laws, such as
the code Hammurabi and the Justinian code. - (ANSWER)Offender Restitution
________ __________ means that the sentencing court, at the request of the victim, levies a
claim against any real or personal property the convicted offender currently possesses or may
come to own. What this means is that victims can recover any damages or losses from any assets
the offender accrues. - (ANSWER)Civil Restitution Lien
What are the four reasons for requiring offender restitution?
the rationale for restitution involves the needs of victims. _______ ________ are a key driving
force behind the growth of restitution legislation and the use of court-ordered restitution. -
(ANSWER)Victim losses
4 types of offender restitution:
the offender makes direct monetary repayment to the victim for the actual amount of harm or
losses incurred. In practice payments actually are routed through the court, which then turns
funds over to the victim. This is useful in cases where the victim does not wish to have any
further contact with the offender. - (ANSWER)monetary payments to the victim
4 types of offender restitution:
entails payment by the offender to the community rather than to the actual victim. In cases of
vandalism or public property there is no tangible victim - (ANSWER)monetary payments to the
community
4 types of offender restitution:
,require the perpetrator to perform a specified number of hours or types of service (or both) in
lieu of making cash payments this is most common in situations where the offender does not
have the ability to make monetary compensation - (ANSWER)service performed for the victim
4 types of offender restitution:
the same as the victim except performed for the community. Not for money. - (ANSWER)service
performed for the community
- the initial wave of restitution evaluations was mostly _________ ____________ ; that is, the
emphasis was on the number of offenders handled, the amount of time participants took to make
restitution, the completion rate for restitution orders, and other similar program achievements.
Those eligible to receive restitution include not only the crime victim, but also his or her family,
insurance companies, victim support agencies, and government agencies that assist victims -
(ANSWER)process evaluations
What impact has restitution demonstrated in terms of process evaluations?
most programs report a ______ offender compliance rate with restitution orders. However,
success varies according to the type and level of supervision provided to probationers. It worked
for the criminal justice system not the victim so much. - (ANSWER)high
studies that look at the impact of restitution on victims and offenders are known as ___________
__________. The typical outcome measures include amount of money collected, amount of
money going to victims, offender recidivism and diversion, cost-effectiveness. -
(ANSWER)outcome evaluation
What impact has restitution demonstrated in terms of outcome evaluations?
recidivism declined in three of four programs by 10 fewer offenses per 100 youths. A six year
follow up showed significantly _______ recidivism. Offenders who paid a greater proportion of
the ordered restitution had ______ recidivism than those who did not make these payments. -
(ANSWER)lower
5 problems with restitution-
,first is the need to apprehend the offender UCR shows that only _____ of crimes are cleared by
an arrest, with property rates having an even lower clearance rate. when offenders are not
convicted, it mitigates any possibility of restitution. - (ANSWER)20%
5 problems with restitution
the victims failure to _______ such compensation. There is no guarantee that the mandatory
notification many states require prosecutors or the out to notify victims of their right to request
restitution takes place. - (ANSWER)request
5 problems with restitution
the inability of offenders to ______ _________ . Most offenders come from lower class
segments of society. One potential solution is helping them find employment but their chances of
getting hired once convicted are slim. - (ANSWER)pay restitution
5 problems with restitution
demonstrating and __________ the loss and the appropriate level of restitution. Questions arise
concerning depreciation for older, used property and the value for sentimental items for which
compensation is hard to determine. Or psychological damage. - (ANSWER)calculating
5 problems with restitution-
there is the question of the proper philosophy of the criminal court. Restitution moves the
emphasis of the criminal justice system from society to the victim. Restitution diminishes the
importance of criminal __________ and _______________. Because it is in seeking personal
redress rather than acting on behalf of society. - (ANSWER)processing sentencing
Table 5-4 (p.103) - (ANSWER)fun
"the criminal" - (ANSWER)defendant
"the plaintiff" - (ANSWER)victim
, a _____ refers to a wrongful act that the defendant (the criminal) has committed against the
plaintiff (the victim). This act has produced some type of loss, usually an injury or damage. -
(ANSWER)tort
________ ________ are the modern version of retribution/restitution practices from the past. The
victim or the victim's family has the right to take civil action against offenders to recoup losses
and to exact punitive damages. - (ANSWER)civil lawsuits
the sense of control the victim regains through the court action. The victim has the right to
remain in the courtroom throughout the proceedings and has the final say in any settlement
decision. The level of proof required is preponderance of the evidence. A jury decision is not
needed also. It is independent of the criminal case action so if the case falls through you can still
file suit. Need only a majority or 2/3, as opposed to a unanimous, jury decision in criminal court.
The privilege against self-incrimination does not apply. - (ANSWER)benefits of civil litigation
many are unaware of the option of pursuing a civil suit or how to find an appropriate attorney.
They must identify and locate the offender, the victim must hire and pay an attorney, victim must
pay filing fees, victim may suffer further mental anguish, this time consuming process may take
years to resolve, most offenders have few economic resources. - (ANSWER)problems of civil
litigation
after new york serial killer David Berkowitz nicknamed "___ __ ___" was apprehended, he stood
to gain millions of dollars from selling book and media rights to his story while his victims and
their families received nothing. The idea that a criminal could gain a small fortune from his
heinous acts prompted passage of a new law that allowed the state to confiscate any royalties and
place the monies into the compensation fund. - (ANSWER)son of sam
What defendant resources come into play during civil litigation?
_______ __ ______: (wages, benefits such as pension payments and annuities, unearned income,
trust fund income, tax refunds, government entitlements) - - (ANSWER)source of income
What defendant resources come into play during civil litigation?
_______ ___ _______: (personal property such as cars and jewelry, real property such as home
and land, bank accounts, all debts owed to the defendant, financial holdings such as stocks and
bonds, partnership interests, future interests in real and personal property through wills, and
trusts) - (ANSWER)property and holdings
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