PHAR 100 Final Exam Study Guide.
Drugs - answerAny substance received by gical system that is not received for nutritive
purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that chemicals,
biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
When were the majority of cl...
Drugs - answer✔Any substance received by a.biological system that is not received for nutritive
purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that chemicals,
biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
When were the majority of clinically useful drugs developed? - answer✔Over the past 250
years.
Pharmaology - answer✔The science of drugs, including their uses, effects and mechanisms of
action.
Key historical influences that have shaped modern pharmacology - answer✔The many
discoveries made by ancient civilizations
The role of poisons in history.
The influence of religion.
Ancient Civilizations - answer✔Healers existed in a number of ancient cultures including
Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
Ancient Greece: Threophastus - answer✔Threophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle wrote a textbook
on therapeutics that included opium.
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy.
Ancient Greece: Serturner - answer✔A pharmacist working in Germany in 1803. Isolated
crystals of morphine in opium and tested the pure substance. Discovered it could relieve pain.
What does opium contain - answer✔Morphine, codeine
Morphine - answer✔Opium contains approximately 10% morphine. Coined from Morpheus.
Ancient Egypt - answer✔recorded on documents called papyri.
q
Ebers papyrus - answer✔1550 BCE: Intended to be a textbook of drug use for medical students.
The papyrus contained mainy true observations on the use of drugs, especially purgatives.
Senna- still used today
Ancient China - answer✔Earliest recorded drug experiments come from China in the year 2700
BCE. Shen Nung used to classify drugs according to taste.
Ma Huang was classified as a medium drug. Widely used for coughs, influenza and fevers.
Ephedrine has been isolated from Ma Huang. Used to treat asthma. Can be used as a
decongestant.
Poisons: Curare - answer✔Plant-derived drug. Historically used by indigenous people in regions
of the Amazon.
Curare: Use of a poison - answer✔Indigenous peoples of the Amazon dipped their arrows in
curare for hunting. Acted upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis.
Curare: Use as a drug - answer✔Used by Indigenous People inspired allopathic medicine.
Eventually used by anesthetics during surgery. Small doses could relieve muscles. The structure
has since been modified to make it safer.
Ergot - answer✔A poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye.
Ground together with rye in the middle ages, finding its way into bread. Caused terrible
epidemics, killing as many as 20 000 people in Russia.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Nervous System - answer✔Once it enters the body, ergot targets
the nervous system. Results in symptoms such as mental frenzy, hallucinations and convulsions.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Cariovascular System - answer✔Ergot poisoning can cause
constrictions of blood vessels leading to fingers, toes and limbs becoming starved of their blood
supply.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Reproductive System - answer✔Can cause violent contractions of
the uterus.
Some midwives recognized that small amounts of ergot could be useful in hastening labour.
Used as early as the 16th century.
Physicians in the 1800s used ergot to expedite lingering labour. Could result in death.
Ergot: Use as a drug - answer✔Ergotamine and ergonovine are the two compounds derived
from ergot with pharmocological uses.
Ergotamine - answer✔Is useful in the treatment of migraines.
Ergotamine constricts the blood vessels preventing the pulsation of arterial blood vessels that
carry blood to the head.
Ergonovine - answer✔Once used to hasten birth. Force of uterine contractions may be too
strong and parent may be injured by too rapid delivery of the child.
Can be used to arrest uterine bleeding.
The Influence of Religion - answer✔Traditional healers acted as both physicians and priests.
This results in therapy being heavily influenced on both religion and magic.
Plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers to alter their state of
consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods.
Peyote - answer✔A cactus used in Mexico to achieve a mystical state, linked to spiritual and
ritualistic use.
Contains a potent substance mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-being and
distortion of perception, similar to LSD.
Zinc Oxide - answer✔Used in ancient times, considered of great importance to therapies.
Found in a number of topical creams such as rash creams and calamine lotion.
Roman Shipping Vessel - answer✔Sunk off the coast of Tuscany around 120 BCE. Excavated in
the 1980s and 90s, uncovering ancient roman medical tablets sealed in tin containers.
Analysis of the medical tablets revealed a number of zinc compounds, iron oxide, besswax, pine
resin and other plant derived material.
About 25 % of the drugs used today are... - answer✔derived from plant sources, with the active
substances being purified and then modified to be either more effective or less toxic.
Drugs acting on the brain: discovery - answer✔Albert Hofmann worked for a Swiss
pharmaceutical firm was involved in trying to synthesize improved pharmaceutical products
using ergot.
Synthesized LSD, similar in structure to ergotamine and ergonovine.
Drugs Acting on the Brain - answer✔Alter the normal chemical signalling in the brain.
LSD - answer✔Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
Classified as a controlled substance in the 1970s.
Drugs Acting On the Brain: Contribution to Pharmacology - answer✔Discovery of LSD
psychedelic effects supported the idea that certain mental illnesses may be due to the
production of potent substances of the brain that produced distrubance.
Drugs Acting Against Infectious Disease - answer✔An infectious disease is any disease caused
by an organism.
1900s Organoarsenicals - answer✔Paul Ehrlich: Designed complexes of arsenic and organic
molecules called orsanoarsenicals which selectively bound to parasites.
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