PHSL 1010 Test 1 Questions And Answers
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Homeostasis - answerRegulation of the body's internal environment; must respond to environmental
challenges.
Law of Mass Balance - answerLaw that states that the amount of substance in the body is to remain
constant, any gain must be offset by a...
Homeostasis - answer✔Regulation of the body's internal environment; must respond to environmental
challenges.
Law of Mass Balance - answer✔Law that states that the amount of substance in the body is to remain
constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.
Negative feedback loop - answer✔Something is wrong in a body system that is sensed and there is a
response that is generated which returns the system to a homeostatic state (stabilizes variable).
Positive feedback loop - answer✔Reinforces a stimulus to push a particular body system to an extreme;
usually results in a negative response but sometimes may be positive (reinforces stimulus).
Four primary tissues - answer✔Epithelium, connective, muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac), and nervous.
Cell membrane - answer✔Outer surface of cell with a thin layer of lipids that separated the aqueous
fluids of the interior and outside environment.
Three main types of lipids that make up cell membrane. - answer✔Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and
cholesterol.
Micelles - answer✔Small droplets with a single layer of phospholipids arranged so that the interior of
micelle if filled with hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
Liposomes - answer✔Larger spheres with bilayer phospholipid walls.
Sphingolipids - answer✔Have fatty acid tails, but their heads may be either phospholipids or glycolipids.
Cholesterol - answer✔Are mostly hydrophobic, insert themselves between the hydrophilic heads of
phospholipids. Helps make membranes impermeable to small water-soluble molecules and keeps
membranes flexible over a wide range of temperatures.
Integral proteins - answer✔Tightly bound to the membrane, and the only way they ca be removed is by
disrupting the membrane structure with detergents or other harsh methods that destroy the
membranes integrity.
Peripheral proteins - answer✔Attach to other proteins by non covalent interactions and can be
separated from the membrane by chemical methods that do not disrupt the integrity or the membrane.
Transmembrane proteins - answer✔Also called membrane-spanning proteins because the proteins
chains extend all the way across the cell membrane.
Lipid-anchored proteins - answer✔Some of these proteins are covalently bound to lipid tails the insert
themselves into the bilayer. Others, found only on the external surface of the cell are held by a GPI
anchor that consists of the membrane lipid plus a sugar-phosphate chain.
Motor proteins - answer✔Proteins that convert stored energy into directed movement.
Myosins - answer✔Bind to actin fibers and are best known for their role in muscle movement.
Histology - answer✔The study of tissue structure and function.
Epithelia - answer✔Tissue that protects the internal environment of the body and regulate the exchange
of materials between the internal and external environment.
Types of Epithelia - answer✔1. Simple (one cell thick)
2. Stratified (multiple cell layers)
3. Squamous (flattened plate or scale)
4. Cuboidal
5. Columnar
Exchange Epithelia - answer✔Composed of very thin, flattened cells that allow gases (CO2 and O2) to
pass rapidly across the epithelium.
Transporting epithelia - answer✔Actively and selectively regulate the exchange of nongaseous
materials, such as ions and nutrients, between the internal and external environments.
Ciliated Epithelia - answer✔Non transporting tissues that line the respiratory system and parts of the
female reproductive tract.
Protective Epithelia - answer✔Prevents exchange between the internal and external environments and
protect areas subject to mechanical and chemical stressors.
Secretory epithelia - answer✔Are composed of cells that produce a substance and then secrete it into
the extracellular space.
Muscle Tissue - answer✔Tissue that has the ability to contract and produce force and movement.
Neural Tissue - answer✔Tissue that contains two types of cells, neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells
(support cells for neurons).
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