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Criminology - Exam 1 Study Guide Questions with Complete Answers
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Criminology - Exam 1 Study Guide Questions with Complete Answers
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Criminology - Exam 1 Study GuideQuestions with Complete Answers
Chapter 1 Key Terms
criminology - Answer-the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of
criminal behavior.
deviant behavior - Answer-actions that depart from the social norm. some are
considered criminal, others merely harmless aberrations.
criminal justice - Answer-system made up of the agencies of social control, such as
police departments, courts, and correctional institutions that handle criminal offenders.
criminological enterprise - Answer-the various subareas included within the scholarly
discipline of criminology, which, taken as a whole, define the whole field.
valid measure - Answer-a measure that actually measures what it purports to measure;
a measure that is factual.
reliable measure - Answer-a measure that produces consistent results from one
measurement to another.
victim precipitated homicide - Answer-refers to those killings in which the victim is a
direct, positive precipitator of the incident.
white-collar crime - Answer-illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the
marketplace. white-collar crimes may include theft, embezzlement, fraud, market
manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising.
penology - Answer-subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of
criminal offenders.
rehabilitation - Answer-treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future
criminal behavior.
mandatory sentences - Answer-a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be
carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses.
capital punishment - Answer-the execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty.
victimology - Answer-the study of the victim's role in criminal events.
, classical criminology - Answer-theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to
commit crime and that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment.
positivism - Answer-the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the
natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological,
psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.
scientific method - Answer-the use of verifiable principles and procedures for the
systematic acquisition of knowledge. typically involves formulating a problem, creating
hypotheses, and collecting data, through observation and experiment, to verify the
hypotheses.
sociological criminology - Answer-approach to criminology, based on the work of Emile
Durkheim, that focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime.
anomie - Answer-a lack of norms or clear social standards. because of rapidly shifting
moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
Chicago School - Answer-group of urban sociologists who studied the relationship
between environmental conditions and crime.
socialization - Answer-process of human development and enculturation. socialization is
influenced by key social processes and institutions.
conflict theory - Answer-the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal
conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends.
critical criminology - Answer-the view that crime is a product of the capitalist system.
rational choice theory - Answer-the view that crime is a function of a decision-making
process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an
illegal act.
trait theory - Answer-the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or
psychological traits.
social structure theory - Answer-the view that disadvantaged economic class position is
a primary cause of crime.
social process theory - Answer-the view that criminality is a function of people's
interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.
critical criminologists - Answer-critical criminologists examine how those who hold
political and economic power shape the law to uphold their self-interests.
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