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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9TH EDITION GLOSSARY
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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9TH EDITION GLOSSARY
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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9TH EDITION GLOSSARY5′ cap - (ANSWER)A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5′ end of a pre-mRNA
molecule.
ABC hypothesis - (ANSWER)A model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ
identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs.
abiotic - (ANSWER)Nonliving; referring to the physical and chemical properties of an
environment.
abortion - (ANSWER)The termination of a pregnancy in progress.
abscisic acid (ABA) - (ANSWER)A plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing the
actions of growth hormones. Two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate
drought tolerance.
absorption - (ANSWER)The third stage of food processing in animals: the uptake of small
nutrient molecules by an organism's body.
absorption spectrum - (ANSWER)The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths
of light; also a graph of such a range.
abyssal zone - (ANSWER)The part of the ocean's benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 m deep.
acanthodian - (ANSWER)Any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian
and Devonian periods.
高级药理学.
accessory fruit - (ANSWER)A fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived
largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary.
,acclimatization - (ANSWER)Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.
acetylcholine - (ANSWER)One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to
receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either
depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) - (ANSWER)The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in
cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
acid - (ANSWER)A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
acid precipitation - (ANSWER)Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2.
acoelomate - (ANSWER)A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body
wall.
acrosomal reaction - (ANSWER)The discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a
vesicle in the tip of a sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg.
acrosome - (ANSWER)A vesicle in the tip of a sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes and other
proteins that help the sperm reach the egg.
actin - (ANSWER)A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about
each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells.
action potential - (ANSWER)An electrical signal that propagates (travels) along the membrane
of a neuron or other excitable cell as a nongraded (all-or-none) depolarization.
高级药理学.
action spectrum - (ANSWER)A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.
,activation energy - (ANSWER)The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a
chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.
activator - (ANSWER)A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In
prokaryotes, they bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, they generally bind to control
elements in enhancers.
active immunity - (ANSWER)Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T
cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. It can develop as a result of
natural infection or immunization.
active site - (ANSWER)The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms
the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
active transport - (ANSWER)The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its
concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring
an expenditure of energy.
adaptation - (ANSWER)Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and
reproduction in a specific environment.
adaptive immunity - (ANSWER)A vertebrate-specific defense that is mediated by B
lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). It exhibits specificity, memory, and self-
nonself recognition. Also called acquired immunity.
adaptive radiation - (ANSWER)Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms
form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their
communities.
高级药理学.
addition rule - (ANSWER)A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or
more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual
probabilities.
, adenylyl cyclase - (ANSWER)An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an
extracellular signal.
adhesion - (ANSWER)The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls
by means of hydrogen bonds.
adrenal gland - (ANSWER)One of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in
mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress.
Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in
response to nerve signals triggered by short-term stress.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - (ANSWER)A tropic hormone that is produced and
secreted by the anterior pituitary and that stimulates the production and secretion of steroid
hormones by the adrenal cortex.
aerobic respiration - (ANSWER)A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2)
as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is
the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many
prokaryotic organisms.
age structure - (ANSWER)The relative number of individuals of each age in a population.
aggregate fruit - (ANSWER)A fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel.
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) - (ANSWER)The symptoms and signs present
during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells
and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
高级药理学.
alcohol fermentation - (ANSWER)Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl
alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
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