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Chem&219 Unit 4 2024/2025 With complete solutions latest update
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Chem&219 Unit 4 2024/2025 With complete solutions latest update
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Chem 219Passed!!
2024/2025
Chem&219 Unit 4
What are the four halogen elements? Answer: F, Cl, Br, I
organohalide compounds Answer: Organic molecules containing halogen
atoms (F, Cl, Br, I)
Examples of how organohalide compounds are used by humans Answer: -
have been found in marine life (algae, mollusks, sponges, etc.), bc they
metabolize the high concentrations of inorganic chlorides and bromides that are
found in the seas.
- Industrially, organohalides find uses as solvents, insecticides, herbicides,
cleaning fluids, fire retardants, and refrigerants, among others.
- In medicinal use, many organohalides are used as inhaled anesthetics and
disinfectants.
- The compound known as Teflon is a polymer that finds many uses as a lubricant
and in non-stick applications such as cookware. Teflon is a polymer containing
carbon-fluorine bonds instead of carbon-hydrogen bonds, as are seen in a typical
organic molecule.
What is the primary reason halogen-containing compounds are important in
organic chemistry? Answer: Their reactivity
They can be used as starting materials in the synthesis of larger and more
complex organic molecules because of the variety of reactions that can occur in
an organohalide molecule.
,Chem 219
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What are two of the most important reaction types typical of organohalides?
Answer: Substitution reaction (nucleophilic substitution reaction)
Elimination reaction
Substitution reaction Answer: Replacing the halogen atom in a molecule with
another atom or functional group
Elimination reaction Answer: A reaction that removes the halogen and
hydrogen atoms from the original substrate molecule creating an unsaturated
compound.
Alkyl halides Answer: Aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, alkynes) that
possess one or more halogen atom substituents.
Since halogen atoms have the same bonding pattern as hydrogen atoms (forming
one single covalent bond), they often take the place of hydrogen atoms in organic
molecules.
Aryl halides Answer: Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or
more halogen atoms attached to the ring (a compound in which a halogen is
bound to the carbon of a benzene ring)
Vinyl halides Answer: Halogen is bound to a carbon of a double bond.
Aromatic hydrocarbons Answer: Benzene rings
, Chem 219
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2024/2025
Aliphatic hydrocarbons Answer: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Nomenclature of halogen atoms Answer: The naming of alkyl and aryl halides
follows the IUPAC systematic methods for nomenclature. Halogen atoms are
treated as substituents on the parent chain of the molecule. The "-ine" suffix of
the element name is removed and replaced with "-oro or -omo" as a suffix,
corresponding to the specific halogen. Thus, chorine become chloro-, fluorine
becomes fluoro-, bromine becomes bromo-, and iodine becomes iodo-. These
substituent names are incorporated alphabetically into the IUPAC name of the
compound.
Ex: 1-bromo-1-chloro-3-iodocyclopentane
What is the additional method of classification for Alkyl halides? Answer:
Alkyl halides are characterized according to the degree of "steric bulk" or
structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that bears a halogen.
- the alkyl halide is primary (1°) if only one carbon is directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen.
- If there are two carbons directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen,
then the halide is classified as secondary (2°)
- if three carbons are directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen, the
halide is tertiary (3°).
- If there are only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the carbon bearing the
halogen (no other carbons) then the halide is referred to as a "methyl" halide.
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