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Penn Foster A&P II Proctor Exam 2024/2025 verified Solution
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Penn Foster A&P II Proctor Exam 2024/2025 verified Solution
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Passed!!2024/2025
Penn Foster A&P II Proctor Exam
Describe the structure and function of each mature blood cell Answer: RBC:
-lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes
-contains water, hemoglobin, and other structural elements
-biconcave disk
-transport oxygen to tissues
-transport carbon dioxide to lungs
-maintain cell shape and deformability
WBC:
-larger than RBC
5 types:
-granulocytes
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
-agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
-provide defense for body against foreign invaders
-phagocytosis
-immunity
Describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule Answer: -heme is the
pigmented portion of hemoglobin
-each heme unit contains an iron atom to which one O2 molecule can attach (can
carry 4 O2 molecules)
, Passed!!
2024/2025
-hemoglobin attached to oxygen: oxyhemoglobin
-hemoglobin gives up oxygen: deoxyhemoglobin
Explain the fate of hemoglobin following extravascular hemolysis Answer: -
destruction of RBC outside cardiovascular system
-RBC removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen
-hemoglobin is released and degraded into AA's, iron, and heme
-AA's are returned to liver to build more proteins
-iron is transported to bone marrow to be recycled to make new RBC
-heme is further broken down into free or unconjugated bilirubin
Explain the fate of hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis Answer: -
destruction takes place w/in blood vessels
-hemoglobin is released into bloodstream
-unconjugated hemoglobin is quickly picked up by haptoglobin to form
haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex
-the complex travels to macrophages in liver for further breakdown
List and describe the blood parameters of the CBC Answer: -packed cell
volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT)
-automated analyzers and gross examination of a centrifuged microhematocrit
tube
-volume of packed RBS measured and expressed as a percentage of total volume
of blood
-3 layer
plasma
, Passed!!
2024/2025
buffy layer (WBC and platelets)
RBCs
Describe the indications and 3 goals of transfusion therapy Answer: -rapid
blood loss
-severe anemia
-coagulation factor deficiency
-lower than normal plasma protein
-thrombocytopenia
increase the oxygen-carry capacity of blood
replace coagulation factors and other proteins
replace blood volume
Describe the 2 parts of the lymphatic system and the functions of each part
Answer: system of ducts and fluid lymph
-system picks up fluid leaked from capillaries
-lymph ducts carry lymph to blood vessels near heart
-lymph is put back into bloodstream
system of lymphoid organs and tissues:
primary organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, Peyer's patches)
-fxns to regulate the lymphocyte maturation as animal develops
secondary system (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)
, Passed!!
2024/2025
-main fxn is to trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate
immune responses
-enlarge in response to antigen stimulation
Describe the formation of lymph fluid and its circulation through the lymphatic
system Answer: starts out as excessive tissue fluid
capillaries in tissue join to form larger vessels to propel lymph towards heart (one-
way valves)
eventually joins bloodstream
Describe the composition of blood Answer: -erythrocytes (RBC)
-leukocytes (WBC)
-thrombocytes (platelets)
Describe the functions of blood Answer: transport:
-oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones, platelets
regulation:
-body temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
defense system:
-white cells phagocytosis, platelets
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