CMN 554- Unit 3
- esophagitis, gastritis, achlorhydria and gastric ulcers (long-term heavy drinking)
- esophageal varices (heavy alcohol abuse, a scientific emergency)
- issues of small gut now and again
- pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatic most cancers (heavy alcohol abuse)
- inadequate digestion and absorption of meals with heavy alcohol consumption
- inhibits intestines capacity to take in numerous nutrients (diet B deficiencies) - ANS-What are
the capacity physiological consequences of alcohol use/abuse? (GI)
- when intoxicated, sedatives and hypnotics (Luminal) which can be metabolized with the aid of
the liver, compete with alcohol for the equal cleansing mechanisms, and doubtlessly poisonous
concentrations of all involved substances can accumulate within the blood.
- Caution (CNS depressants, sedatives, hypnotics, and capsules that relieve ache, motion
sickness, head colds, and hypersensitivity signs)
- Increasing the dosages of sedative-hypnotic tablets, consisting of chloral hydrate (Noctec) and
benzodiazepines, specifically whilst blended with alcohol, can motive sedation to motor,
highbrow impairment, stupor, coma, and loss of life.
-other psychotropic drugs can potentiate the outcomes of alcohol - ANS-What are the potential
drug interactions seen with alcohol use/abuse?
-19 million age 12+ (7%) used MJ in beyond mo.
-2.Four mil of those initiated use in past yr
-57% earlier than age 18
-Increase in use by way of 8th and 9th grader, starting in Nineties
-1996- 23% eighth grade & 40% 10th graders had used
-1998/1999- ¼ preliminary use become 14yr or younger, avg was age 17
-2012- 1% eighth graders, four% tenth graders, 7% twelfth graders file day by day use -
ANS-What are the superiority traits of cannabis use?
-90% oxidation in the liver
-10% excreted unchanged through the kidneys and lungs.
-Rate of oxidation by way of the liver is regular and unbiased of the body's energy requirements.
-Body metabolizes 15 mg/dl in step with hour starting from 10-34 mg/dl in keeping with hour
-Average man or woman oxidizes ¾ of an ounce of forty%(80 proof) alcohol/hour.
-People w/ immoderate intake= upregulation of enzymes resulting in rapid metabolism.
-Alcohol is metabolized with the aid of enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde
dehydrogenase.
-ADH catalyses the conversion of alcohol into acetaldehyde, that is a toxic compound.
-Aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid.
-Aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited via disulfiram(Antabuse) which is used in remedy of
alcohol related disorders - ANS-How is alcohol metabolized?
-A arguable Cannabis associated syndrome
-Associated with long-term heavy use
,-Characterized via a person's unwillingness to persist in a assignment
(whether at school, work, or any putting that requires extended interest or tenacity)
-Persons are described as turning into apathetic and anergic, normally gaining weight, and
appearing slothful. - ANS-What is "amotivational syndrome?"
-Abstinence
-even extreme substance-triggered despair is in all likelihood to improve swiftly with out remedy
or extensive psychotherapy
-Wait 2-4 weeks earlier than beginning antidepressant medicine. - ANS-What is the suitable
method to treating alcohol prompted despair?
-After lengthy-term benzodiazepine use, the receptor effects resulting from the agonist are
attenuated.
-Specifically, GABA stimulation of the GABAA receptors outcomes in much less chloride influx
than was resulting from GABA stimulation before the benzodiazepine management.
-This downregulation of receptor response isn't resulting from a decrease in receptor variety or
via reduced affinity of the receptor for GABA.
-The basis for the downregulation is r/t coupling between the GABA binding web page and the
activation of the chloride ion channel.
-This reduced performance in coupling can be regulated within the GABAA receptor complex
itself or by means of different neuronal mechanisms - ANS-Neuropharmacology behind benzo
tolerance
-Antabuse
-Naltrexone (Revia)
-acamrosate (Campral) - ANS-What are the medications used for the treatment of alcohol
dependence?
-anxiolytics
-hypnotics
-antiepileptics
-anesthetics
-alcohol withdrawal - ANS-What are the scientific uses of benzodiazepines?
-Apathy, diminished social and occupational functioning, impaired judgement, and impulsive or
aggressive behaviors
-Nausea
-Anorexia
-Nystagmus
-Depressed reflexes
-Diplopia - ANS-What are the signs/symptoms of inhalant intoxication?
-ataxia (affecting primarily the gait), -vestibular dysfunction,
-confusion and a selection of ocular motility abnormalities together with horizontal nystagmus,
-lateral orbital palsy and gaze palsy. -Sluggish reaction to light and anisocoria (unequal
scholars).
-The eye abnormalities are usually bilateral however now not constantly symmetrical. -
ANS-What are the symptoms/signs and symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy?
-Best brief display screen for alcoholism stays the tried-and-proper CAGE questionnaire
, -A effective reaction to two or more of the items implies a ninety five% threat of alcohol abuse or
dependence
-Study shows that the manner interviewers transition to the CAGE questions profoundly impacts
the questionnaire's sensitivity - ANS-What is the CAGE assessment?
-Brief intervention by way of health facility staff, based on Motivational Interviewing.
-Multiple treatment settings such as inpatient devices, residential treatment facilities, midway
houses, organization houses, partial health facility packages, and outpatient settings.
-Basic additives of treatment encompass psychotherapy, drug-specific counseling, self-assist
companies (Alcoholics Anonymous), Nacotics Anonymous, Alateen, Al-non, substance abuse
education, random urine drug screening, and relapse prevention packages.
-Family therapy and psychopharmacological intervention can be introduced. - ANS-What are the
remedy options for alcohol abuse in youngsters?
-Caffeine intoxication
-Caffeine Withdrawal
-Caffeine-Induced tension disease
-Caffeine-Induced Sleep disease
-Caffeine Use disease - ANS-What are the only five caffeine use disorders diagnosed through
the DSM five?
-Caffeine, a methylxanthine is stronger than theophylline ( Primatene).
-Half lifestyles is three to ten hour, peak is 30 to 60 mins.
-Crosses the blood mind barrier.
-Act as antagonist of the adenosine receptors which turns on an inhibitory G protein and inhibits
the formation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
-Caffeine consumption -> boom in intraneuronal cAMP concentration in neurons with adenosine
receptors
-Three cups of coffee delivers approximately 50 % of the adenosine receptors
-High doses of caffeine can have an effect on dopamine and non adrenergic neurons.
-Dopamine interest greater with the aid of caffeine explains why sufferers with schizophrenia
have an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.
-Activation of noradrenergic neurons is concerned in the mediation of a few symptoms of
caffeine withdrawal. - ANS-What is the neuropharmacology of caffeine?
-Common prognosis for acute cannabis intoxication
-induces quick-lived anxiety states often provoked by means of paranoid mind.
-panic attacks may be triggered, primarily based on ill-described and disorganized fears.
-Anxiety correlates w/ the dosage & is the most frequent destructive reaction to moderate use of
smoked cannabis.
-Inexperienced users are more likely to experience anxiety signs than are skilled users. -
ANS-What are the signs/symptoms of cannabis caused anxiety sickness?
-aggressive blockade of dopamine reuptake through the dopamine transporter.
-blockade will increase the attention of dopamine in the synaptic cleft resulting in accelerated
activation of D1 and D2 receptors
-Cocaine also blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. - ANS-What is the
neuropharmacology of cocaine?
