Molecular Cell Biology Chapter 9 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions (Graded A+)
Translation - Answers The synthesis of proteins as directed by mRNA templates. Is only the first step in the formation of a functional protein. Polypeptide chains must fold into appropriate conformations and ofte...
Translation - Answers The synthesis of proteins as directed by mRNA templates. Is only the first step in
the formation of a functional protein. Polypeptide chains must fold into appropriate conformations and
often undergo various processing steps, sorting, and transport.
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Answers Gene expression is regulated at the level of translation in
both?
cell behavior - Answers There are also multiple controls on the amounts and activities of intracellular
proteins, which ultimately regulate all aspects of cell behavior
mRNA templates - Answers Proteins are synthesized form _____ by a process that has been highly
conserved throughout evolution.
amino to the carboxyl terminus - Answers All mRNAs are read in the 5' to 3' direction, and polypeptide
chains are synthesized form the?
codon - Answers Each amino acid is specified by three bases a _____ in the mRNA
ribosomes - Answers Translation is carried out on _______, with tRNAs serving as adaptors.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, plus other proteins - Answers Proteins synthesis involves interactions between?
tRNAs - Answers these align amino acids with corresponding condons on the mRNA template. They are
70-80 nucleotides long and have characteristic cloverleaf structures resulting from base pairing between
different regions.
L shapes - Answers All tRNAs fold into compact?
terminal adenosine - Answers CCA at the 3' terminus, and amino acids are covalently attached to the
ribose of the?
anticodon loop - Answers The _______ binds to the appropriate codon by complementary base pairing
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases - Answers Attachment of amino acids to specific tRNAs: by enzymes?
amino acid join AMP- form aminoacyl AMP, and Amino acid is transferred to the 3' CCA terminus of the
tRNA and AMP is released - Answers Each of 20 enzymes recognizes a single amino acid, and correct
tRNA. Attachment occurs in 2 steps that are?
complementary base pairing - Answers The amino acid is aligned on the mRNA template by?
codon - Answers Most amino acids are specified by more than one?
, non-strandard base pairing (wobble) - Answers Some tRNAs can recognize more than one mRNA codon,
as a result of _______ at the 3rd codon position
G with U, inosine (I) to pair with U, C, or A. - Answers Wobble allows?
inosine - Answers Guanosine is modified to ____ in the anticodons of some tRNAs
Ribosomes - Answers These are named according to their sedimentation rates in ultra-centrifugation
70S - Answers For bacterial ribosome
80S - Answers For eukaryotic ribosomes?
rRNA and proteins - Answers Ribosomes have two subunits and contains?
vitro - Answers Ribosomes can be formed in _____ by self-assembly from purified ribosomal proteins
and rRNAs, which provides an important experimental tool
secondary structures - Answers rRNAs form characteristic _______ by complementary base pairing.
3-D - Answers Subsequent folding results in distinct ____ structures.
rRNA - Answers This is responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation.
structural role - Answers Ribosomal proteins play a?
ribozyme - Answers The large ribosomal subunit functions as a?
untranslated regions (UTRs) - Answers mRNAs have non-coding _________ at the ends.
mono-cistronic - Answers Most eukaryote mRNAs are ____. encoding a singe protein.
poly-cistronic - Answers Prokaryotic mRNAs are often ______, encoding multiple proteins, each of which
is translated from an independent start site.
methionine by AUG - Answers In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, translation always starts with _____,
usually encoded by _____.
different - Answers Are the signals that identify initiation codons are the same or different in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells?
Shine-Dalgarno sequence - Answers Initiation codons in bacterial mRNAs are preceded by a ______, that
aligns the mRNA on the ribosome.
polycistronic mRNAs - Answers Shine-Dalgarno sequence can initiate translation at the 5' end of an
mRNA and at internal initiation sites of?
7-methylguanosine cap - Answers Eukaryotic mRNAs are recognized by the ______ at the 5' terminus.
The ribosomes then scan downstream of this cap until they encounter the initiation codon.
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