PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE, MSN 570
ADVANCE PATHO-HESI EXIT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (HESI) MSN 570 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER -Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism caused by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin.
insulin - ANSWER -causes rapid uptake, storage, and use of glucose by almost all tissues of the body
(with exception to the brain).
Insulin plays an important role in storing the excess energy.
In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as ______________ mainly in the
_________________ and _______________. - ANSWER -In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin
causes them to be stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle.
Excess carbohydrates that cannot be stored as glycogen are converted under the stimulus of insulin into
_____________ and stored in ___________________. - ANSWER -fats, adipose tissue
When insulin binds to the membrane receptor, it increases transportation of what into the cells? -
ANSWER -glucose
Additionally, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to many of the amino acids, potassium ions,
and phosphate ions, causing increased transport of these substances into the cell.
glucagon - ANSWER -hormone secreted when the blood glucose concentration falls, most important of
these is to increase the blood glucose concentration, an effect that is exactly the opposite of insulin.
Pathophysiology of the Endocrine, MSN 570 Advance Patho, HESI Exit Pathophysiology,
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, Pathophysiology (HESI), MSN 570 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
,Glucagon can elevate the blood glucose concentration by 25% in about 20 minutes and therefore is
called the hyperglycemic hormone.
what are the major effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism? - ANSWER -Major effects of glucagon on
glucose metabolism are
(1) glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen) and
(2) increased gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates).
glycogenolysis - ANSWER -breakdown of liver glycogen
gluconeogenesis - ANSWER -generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
A fasting blood glucose above this value often indicates diabetes mellitus or at least marked insulin
resistance. - ANSWER -A fasting blood glucose (early morning) >110 mg/100 mL is the upper limit of
normal.
islets of Langerhans - ANSWER -cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ
what are the 3 major cells types of the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete? - ANSWER -alpha
(25%) - secrete glucagon
beta (60%) - secrete insulin
delta (10%) - secrete somatostatin
somatostatin - ANSWER -Somatostatin depresses the secretion of both insulin and glucagon,
decreases the motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder,
and decreases both secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal
tract.
Pathophysiology of the Endocrine, MSN 570 Advance Patho, HESI Exit Pathophysiology,
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, Pathophysiology (HESI), MSN 570 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
,The principal role is to extend the period over which the food
nutrients are assimilated into the blood and decrease the utilization
of the absorbed nutrients by the tissues, thus preventing rapid
exhaustion of the food.
Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER -Deficiency of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the Pancreas
Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by lack of insulin secretion
injury to the beta cells of the pancreas (viral infection / autoimmune disorders) impair insulin
production. The cause of T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas is
unknown, although environmental triggers such as viruses, drugs, or chemicals may initiate the
autoimmune process in genetically susceptible hosts. Production of antibodies to beta cell antigens with
loss of beta cell function precedes the onset of clinical diabetes
The lack of insulin decreases the efficiency of peripheral glucose utilization and augments glucose
production, raising plasma glucose to 300-1200 mg/100 mL. The increased plasma glucose has multiple
effects.
3 principle sequelae of type 1 DM - ANSWER -(1) increase blood glucose.
(2) increased utilization of fats for energy for formation of cholesterol by the liver.
(3) depletion of the body's proteins.
what are the consequences of increased plasma glucose levels? - ANSWER -Loss of Glucose in the Urine
Dehydration
Pathophysiology of the Endocrine, MSN 570 Advance Patho, HESI Exit Pathophysiology,
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, Pathophysiology (HESI), MSN 570 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
, The increased osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids causes osmotic transfer of water out of the
cells.
Additionally, the loss of glucose in the urine causes osmotic diuresis.
Thus polyuria (excessive urine excretion), and increased thirst are classic symptoms of diabetes
Tissue Injury
blood vessels in multiple tissues throughout the body begin to function abnormally and undergo
structural changes that result in inadequate blood supply to the tissues.
This in turn leads to increased risk for heart attack, stroke, end-stage kidney disease, retinopathy and
blindness, and ischemia or gangrene of the limbs.
causes damage nerves.
Peripheral neuropathy (abnormal function of peripheral nerves) and autonomic nervous system
dysfunction
.
These abnormalities can result in impaired cardiovascular reflexes, impaired bladder control, and
decreased sensation in the extremities.
Hypertension secondary to renal injury and atherosclerosis secondary to abnormal lipid metabolism
often develop and amplify the tissue damage caused by the elevated glucose.
Excess fat utilization in the liver occurring over a long time causes the amounts of cholesterol in the
circulating blood and increased deposition of cholesterol in the arterial walls.
Increased Utilization of Fats and Metabolic Acidosis
Shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism increases the release of keto acids (acetoacetic acid / B-
hydroxybutyric acid) into the plasma more rapidly than they can be taken up and oxidized by the tissue
cells.
Pathophysiology of the Endocrine, MSN 570 Advance Patho, HESI Exit Pathophysiology,
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, Pathophysiology (HESI), MSN 570 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
