Exam (elaborations)
APHON TEST QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
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APHON TEST QUESTIONS ANDCORRECT ANSWERS
How does cancer begin? One cell, one genetic mutation, and an answer
What causes cyclins to become active? ANSWER When a CDK enzyme binds
to them
What are the functions of cyclins? ANSWER encourages the cell to advance to
the following stage.
What is the role of CDK inhibitors? ANSWER: Stop the replication of damaged
cells.
Apoptosis: what is it? ANSWER: Cell death caused by programming
When a cell blebbs and is eliminated by phagocytes, what is considered a
natural cell death? The ANSWER is apoptosis.
Are cancer cells able to undergo apoptosis? ANSWER no
What is the main justification for using several chemotherapy drugs to treat
cancer? ANSWER resistance to individual chemotherapeutic drugs may arise.
Why are several chemotherapeutic drugs used? ANSWER to combat naturally
resistant tumor cells with a wider breadth of coverage and to overcome
medication resistance
What does the T stand for in the TNM staging system? The size of the main
tumor
What does the N in the TNM staging system mean? ANSWER involvement of
lymph nodes or lack thereof
What does the M represent in the TNM staging system? The existence or lack of
distant metastases
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