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Criminology Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers
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Criminology Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers
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Criminology Exam Study GuideQuestions and Answers
social learning theory - Answer-- by observing others, individuals "learn: how to engage
in aggression. Exposure to aggression models, aversive treatment by others, not only is
a person's own behavior important but how others are treated as well. In this way a
person learns by doing but also by observing the consequences of other actions.
psycopathy - Answer-a specific form of mental illness often connected to criminal
behavior. A person who is rejected, cruelly, or indifferently treated children, or may have
possibly suffered brain damage, detected or not. A neglected child cant have emotions,
and does not worry about whether he's good or bad, and literally has no idea of guilt.
Routine Activities Theory - Answer-- "the volume of criminal offenses will be related to
the nature of normal everyday patterns of interactions." a routine or pattern that makes
a victim an easier target.
Social Bond Theory - Answer-which basically states that delinquency takes place when
a person's bonds to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing personal stakes in
conformity. People refrain from crime for fear of a rupture in relationships, "cause them
to look bad."
Self-Control Theory - Answer-- individuals who did not receive effective parenting before
the age of 10 are more likely to lack self-control, or the ability to give up acts that grant
immediate pleasure, than those who had good parenting.
Merton Theory - Answer-- is primarily oriented toward explaining monetary or
materialistically oriented crime and does not address violent criminal activity. Dwells on
lower class criminality, thus failing to consider lawbreaking among the elite.
Positivist Theory - Answer-criminals are born as such and not made into criminals: in
other words, it is the nature of the person, not nurture, that results in criminal
propensities. "Similar face features" actions are predisposed based upon a persons
make up and beyond his or her self-control.
Rational Choice Theory - Answer-Offenders weigh the cost, opportunities, and benefits
of particular crimes. Some people do not carefully plan their crimes.
detterence theory - Answer-the act of making certain actions appear undesirable and
less likely to occur by instilling a fear of punishment. (an eye for an eye) to pay for the
wrong doing
Classical Theory - Answer-Theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a
core concept.
, Freudian Theory - Answer-ID, Ego, and super ego. The super ego is the socialized
component part of the personality, the part developed to gain function and gain
acceptance in human society. Id refers to the instinctive, natural, or animalistic self.
Selfish and seeks to maximize pleasure. Ego is the mediator or "referee" in the contest
(Freud,1930) It is the executive function component of personality.
Biological Theory - Answer-emphasizes the role of anatomy, hormones, and brain
organization. Born criminals
brain disorder - Answer-· Brain damage in childhood and early adulthood may increase
the likelihood of criminal behaviour. This damage typically lowers inhibitions or
emotional control, affecting the way we respond to triggers in the environmental.
However the frontal lobe is a complex structure and can be divided into sub-regions.
twin and adoption studies - Answer-· Twin and adoption studies- nature v nurture? Is
crime learned or inherited? Identical- share the same egg and exhibit the same
hereditary features.
Where as fraternal are produced by two separate eggs and reveal less biological
similarities.
Adoptive studies show that the kids are more likely to be like their biological father. But
also shows other environmental issues have a lot to do with it.
Subcultural Theories - Answer-- view delinquency as a protest against social
stratification. Delinquent subcultures are portrayed as the common solution of organized
groups of lower-class boys to retrieve some measure of status apart from the middle-
class and demonstrate their own values of masculinity.
strain theory - Answer-negative relationships in which individuals feel they are being
mistreated. For some, such activities increase the likelihood for anger and frustration, as
well as the likelihood that crime becomes a mean of resolving these emotions. If a
person experiences a form strain and responds with negative emotionality without
having good coping mechanisms, they are more likely than others to engage in crime
Methedology - Answer-a system of methods used in a particular area of study or
activity. involves the collection and analysis of accurate data and facts. How much
crime? WHO?
Criminology - Answer-the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system,
including the police, courts, and prisons
crime - Answer-An act against the law. an intentional act or omission in violation of
criminal law. Committed without defense or justification, and sanctioned by the state as
a felony or misdemeanor.
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