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PHAR 100 Module 1 Exam Questions and Answers
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PHAR 100 Module 1 Exam Questions and Answers
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PHAR 100 Module 1 Exam Questionsand Answers
Drug - Answers -Any substance received a biological system that is not received for
nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism
Pharmacology - Answers -Science of drugs including their uses, effects and modes of
action
Influence of Ancient Civilizations - Answers -1. Ancient China: Classified drugs
according to taste. Ma Huang (coughs, flu and fevers), ephedrine has been isolated
from this drug
2. Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus
- Purgatives - Drugs used to cause bowel movements
- Senna
3. Ancient Greece: Opium
Serturner - Answers -Isolated crystals of morphine from opium and discovered its pain
relieving abilities
Influence of Religion - Answers -- Medicine men used plants that contained intoxicating
substances in order to alter state of consciousness and facilitate communication with
gods
Peyote Cactus - Answers -Mexican origin, used to achieve mystical state, contains
mescaline which causes effects similar to LSD
Influence of Poisons - Answers -Curare and Ergot
Poisonous vs. Drug Curare - Answers -- Poison: Indigenous people dipped their arrows
in it so to act upon the voluntary muscles of the animal, causing paralysis and death
- Drug: Anaesthetic to achieve muscle relaxation
Poisonous vs. Drug Ergot - Answers -Poisonous fungus that causes...
- Mental frenzy, hallucinations, convulsions
- Constriction of blood vessels
- Violent contractions of uterus (used by midwives in 16th century to initiate labour)
Drug: Ergotamine and ergonovine
, Ergotamine - Answers -Useful in treatment of migraines by constricting arterial blood
vessels to reduce amplitude of pulsation
Ergonovine - Answers -Was used to hasten birth but that was dangerous so is now
sometimes used to stop uterine bleeding after childbirth
Drugs acting on the brain - Answers -- Reserpine, chlorpromazine
- LSD
- Anaesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether)
Reserpine and Chlorpromazine - Answers -- Extracted from rauwolfia plant
- Reserpine was found to tame fierce and aggresive animals
- Chlorpromazine is preferred and can be used to manage mentally ill patients
Lysergic Acid Diethylaminde (LSD) - Answers -Synthesized from components of ergot,
psychedelic effects
Albert Hofmann - Answers -discovered LSD
Nitrous Oxide - Answers -Highly effective in extraction of teeth (found from chemist-
lecturer doing a public demonstration and someone of it got cut and felt no pain so
Wells applied it to dentistry)
Ether - Answers -Similar properties of NO - anaesthetic
Organoarsenicals - Answers -Cure for syphilis, selectively bound to parasites
Paul Erhlich - Answers -Discovered organoarsenicals
Sulfa Drugs - Answers -Treatment of bacterial disease - antibacterial compounds
Gerhard Domagk - Answers -discovered sulfa drugs
Penicillin - Answers -First antibiotic that was introduced during WWII to treat gram-
positive bacterial disease
Alexander Fleming - Answers -discovered penicillin
Streptomycin - Answers -Different type of antibiotic, useful in treating tuberculosis and
gram-negative bacterial diseases
Stages in Drug Development - Answers -1. Drug Discovery
a. Research and Discovery of Target - Discovery of lead compounds
b. Preclinical testing - Determining safety and potential efficacy
2. Clinical Trials
a. Phase 1 - Safety and tolerability
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