2. Experience-dependent neuroplasticity: learning and memory
3. Cellular recovery after injury
Habituation - Answers *Non-associative learning
*Decreased response to repeated benign stimulus
*Decrease in synaptic activity between sensory neurons
*with prolonged stimulation-#of synapses decrease
*PT Habituation-intended to decr neural response to a stimulus
Experience dependent Plasticity - Answers -with repetitions of a task, # of active regions decrease
-eventually, when a tasks is learned, only a small /distint region is active during task
-Plasticity of the intrinsic excitability of neurons by functional change in ion channels
-Long term Potentiation-conversion of silent synapses to active
-Long Term Depression-conversion of active synapses to silent
TMS - Answers transcranial magnetic stimulation; use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal
brain activity as a way to study brain regions
*can enhance or inhibit
Axonal injury in periphery-sprouting - Answers 1. Collateral Sprouting: 1 axon sprouting to multiple cell
bodies
2. Regenerative Sprouting: Multiple axons leading to 1 cell body
**Exercise begun 5 days after a peripheral nerve lesion increases regeneration
**Synkinesis- improperly re-innervated mm = unintended movement
Axonal injury in CNS-sprouting - Answers -Functional axon regeneration does not occur in CNS axons
-Glial scars physically block axonal regeneration
-Denervation hypersensitivity-new receptor sites develop in response to decreased neurotransmitter
released
,-when neurotransmitters are released from other nearby axons, increased hypersensitive response
occurs
CNS Axonal injury, functional recovery - Answers 1. Synaptic hyper-effectiveness--only some branches of
a presynaptic axons are destroyed--release of larger than normal amounts of transmitters
2. Unmasking of silent synapses
3. Neurogenesis-stem cells in brain are capable of creating new neurons
4. Excitotoxicity-cell death caused by overexcitation of neurons
Development of nervous system: 0-6+ weeks - Answers Neural tube
chromosomes
-drugs
-chemicals
-TORCH infections
Development of nervous system: 1 month-birth - Answers Neurocutaneous disorders
Gestational Diabetes
Toxemia
Multiple pregnancies
placental dysfunctions
Development of nervous system: Perinatal - Answers Prematurity
Trauma
Aspiration
Development of nervous system: Postnatal - Answers Progressive encephalopathies
Responds to stretch, change in length, velocity of change
GTO - Answers -Encapsulated nn ending woven into collagen
-Strands of tendon, near musculotendinous junction
-Relays tension in tendons
-Sensitive to very slight changes in tension (active and passive)
Joint Receptors - Answers -responds to mechanical deformation of capsule and ligaments
-Ruffinis: signal extreme joint range, more to passive
-Pacinian: respond to movement, but not when joint position is static
-Ligament receptors: similar to GTO-signal tension
-Free nerv endings: stimulated by inflammation
DCML - Answers Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus and trigeminal lemniscus
Crosses at medulla
, Spinothalamic tract - Answers AL pathway
noxious stimulus
pain/temp
Spinolimbic tract - Answers AL pathway
Older/slower
Slow pain
Emotional reaction to pain/touch
subacute/chronic pain
Spinoreticular tract - Answers AL pathway
arousal
attention
sleep/wake
Spinomesencephalic tract - Answers AL pathway
turning eyes and head toward pain
central sensitization
Spinocerebellar tracts - Answers Proprioception
unconcious
internal feedback
1. posterior spinocerebellar = LEs, IPSI
2. Cuneocerebellar = UEs, IPSI
3. Anterior spinocerebellar = thoracolumbar, crosses in cord, but many recross before cerebellum
4. Rosterospinocerebellar = cervical, IPSI
**Worse EC coordination with tract damage vs cerebellum**
Best sensory test to predict hand function - Answers 2-point discrimination
NCS vs SEP - Answers NSC=peripheral nn-only fastest (large) axons
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