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ANTH 224 Exam 1 With Complete Solution
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ANTH 224 Exam 1 WithComplete Solution
Ethno history - ANSWER the study of the past using non-western, indigenous
historical records, including oral traditions.
Oral history - ANSWER historical tradition, often genealogies, passed down
from generation to generation by word of mouth.
Define historical archaeology and describe how id is distinct from and related
to historical and archaeological research - ANSWER "a multidisciplinary field
that shares a special relationship with the formal disciplines of history and
anthropology, focuses its attention on post-colombian past, and seeked to
understand the global nature of modern life
-"The literacy of the people it studies is what sets Hist. Arch. from
Prehistory"-James Deetz
-Society of Historical Archaeology defines this field as: "the study of the
material remains of past societies that also left behind documentary and oral
histories. This subfield of archaeology studies the emergence,
transformation, and nature of the Modern World."
Describe the three (3) broad categories of human history. - ANSWER 1) oral
cultures: about 99% of all human cultures have used oral communication
exclusively. Generally thought to be connected with ancient pre-history, but
oral cultures persist to the modern era.
2) textual cultures of antiquity: literate societies were created in antiquity.
,Examples include; writing in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley about 5,000
years ago, writing in India at 2000 BCE. The investigation of these sites can
be characterized as text-aided archaeology: archaeology carried out with the
aid of historical documentation.
3) textual cultures of the modern era: archaeology of "modern" history-
called "historical archaeology" and "modern world archaeology" is the
archaeological study of people documented in recent history.
1.3. Describe the three (3) main archaeological perspectives on cultures. -
ANSWER 1) Multidisciplinary: Cultural interpretation regularly draws on
several related fields. By nature, the field itself is multidisciplinary from using
text-aids, maps, soil profile drawing, oral history, government records,
diaries, artifacts, and more.
2) Focused on Post-Colombian Past: Focuses on history after the Age of
Discovery in 1415 that set the stage for the "modern world" as western
navigators, missionaries, explorers, etc. shaped history through their
encounters and conquests of culture.
3) Seeking to understand the Global Nature of Modern Life: A combination
of globalization, major industrial/technological advances, cross cultural
exchange/struggle, as well as contemporary issue about the settlements of
place/ppl, race, class, gender, inequity, consumerism, and the global mass
markets inception cause us to constantly negotiate between past and present
of "modern" life.
1.4. What are the key elements of the "modern world?". Several were noted
, and I provided even more in lecture. - ANSWER -past 500 years of
colonization
-industrialization
-colonialism
-globalization
-mass consumption and distribution especially beginning in the 19th
century
-use of nuclear weapons
1.5. What are the differences between historical documents in terms of
providing direct evidence versus supplemental evidence? Can you give some
examples of each? - ANSWER -Documentary sources are primary. A source
can provide direct evidence in so that it is an independent source from an
artifact; from the same site but recounting a different perspective, reflecting
on the past in disparate ways.
Ex. Artifacts found in slave cabins versus historical doc written by plantation
owners.
-Historical docs. Found to be supplemental are most likely found in close
proximity and with description of the site or artifacts conditions at one point
in time. This kind of text will shed light on the same topic/matter but in a
different way.
Ex. In one cabin bottles are found. In the next cabin, letters are found that
describe the cabins when they were in use at one point in time by the pp who
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