Organic Chemicals
Chemistry of Carbon or Carbon containing compounds
Most are non-polar (carbon and hydrogen no polarity)
(O,N,F) - Changes polarity (polar)
Alkane (-ane)
Saturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen bonds (SINGLE
BONDS)
CnH2n+2
Alkene (-ene)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and at
least one double-bonded carbon atom.
CnH2n
1-4 #carbons = gases
5-14 #carbons = liquids
14+ #carbons = solids
Alkyne (-yne)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms and at
least one triple-bonded atom
CnH2n-2
Alcohol (-ol)
Saturated organic chemicals containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups
PRIMARY - Carbon bonded to OH is bonded to ONE alkyl group (least reactive). Higher
boiling point due to less functional groups.
CnH2n+1OH
Polar due to presence of hydroxide group (which is very negative when compared with
the hydrogen functional group).
Thus, molecules will 'line up' in dipole-dipole interactions, OH will be attracted to H
groups. Thus the boiling points are very high, as the intermolecular forces are large.
High M.P
, Very soluble in water (like dissolves like)
Burning one mole octanol = much more energy than burning one mole methanol.
HIgh level Hydrogen Bonding
Alkanoic Acid
Contain carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)
CnH2n+1OOH or
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
High level hydrogen bonding
High Boiling Point and melting point
Aldehyde (-al)
Carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen and bonded
to some further chemical group
Carbonyl groups at the end of the chain
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
Oxidise quickly to form carboxylic acids.
Ketone (-one)
Carbonyl groups in the middle of a carbon chain
Double bonded to an oxygen, and has two separate single bonds to further chemical
groups
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller SUPERGRADES01. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
