MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy Quality Materials
Bonding in carbon compounds
6 electrons total; 2 in the first shell and four valence electrons, can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and other non-metal atoms
Hydr...
Bonding in carbon compounds
6 electrons total; 2 in the first shell and four valence electrons, can form up to 4 covalent
bonds with other carbon atoms and other non-metal atoms
Hydrocarbons
Compounds formed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Molecular formulae
Indicate the number and type of atoms present in each molecule, e.g., C2H6O
Structural formulae
Show the spatial location of atoms relative to one another as well as the number and
location of covalent bonds
Condensed structural formulae
Indicates connections in the structure of a compound without showing the structural
arrangement
Functional groups
Atom or group of atoms which give the compound some characteristic chemical
properties
Isomers
Molecules that contain the same number and type of atoms but arranged in different
ways
What are chain isomers
branching in different positions
what are position isomers
molecules with the same carbon chain and functional group, but functional group is
attached to different locations
What are functional group isomers
have the same molecular formulae but have different functional groups and
consequently different physical and chemical properties
Homologous series
Have similar structures and chemical properties, same general formula, and contain
members with increasingly long chains by adding CH2 units to previous series members
Alkanes
Contain only single bonds, saturated molecule
-ane prefix
Alkyl groups
Branches or side chains in organic compounds, indicated by the suffix '-yl'
Alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bonds and suffix 'ene'
Alkynes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds and suffix 'yne'
, Halokanes
Derived from alkane, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen
atoms from group 17
- fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo
Alcohols
Homologous series in which a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group is attached to a saturated
carbon atom
- ol suffix
what is a primary alcohol
carbon bonded to OH group is only bonded to one other carbon atom
what is a secondary alcohol
carbon bonded to OH group is bonded to two other carbons
what is a tertiary alcohol
carbon bonded to OH group is only bonded to three other carbons
Primary amines
Amino functional group; one nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms,
indicated by the suffix '-amine'
Aldehydes
Always at the end of a carbon chain, contain a carbonyl functional group
Ketone
Contain a carbonyl group attached to other carbon atoms, never at the end of a carbon
chain
- one suffix
Carboxylic acids
Contain a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and are indicated by the suffix '-oic acid'
Primary Amides
Contain a carbonyl functional group attached to an amino group, indicated by '-CONH2'
at the end of the carbon chain
Esters
Produced by the reaction of alcohol with a carboxylic acid, named based on the number
of carbon atoms in the chain containing the carbonyl group
Functional Groups
Groups of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a particular
compound
Boiling point of alkanes
Increases with size due to weak dispersion forces, influenced by molecular shape
Boiling point of alkenes, alkynes and haloalkanes
Depends on chain size and molecular shape; haloalkanes have higher boiling points
due to dipole-dipole attractions
Melting point of alkanes
Affected by strength of forces and molecule shape, odd and even carbon chains show
different melting behaviors
Melting point of alkenes, alkynes and haloalkanes
Increases with chain length, impacted by molecule shape and triple bond position in
alkynes
Solubility in water
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