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NR 283 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NR 283 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NR 283 Final ExamQuestions and Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Pathophysiology - Answer: the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body at a
cellular level
homeostasis - Answer: bodies desire to reach balance, things are always changing in our body, negative
feedback loops
Etiology - Answer: cause of disease, where does it come from
Idiopathic - Answer: unknown cause
Pathogenesis - Answer: development of disease
cell cycle - Answer: cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, DNA tells cells to die (apoptosis) - all
determined by nucleus
mitosis - Answer: parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis - Answer: sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23)
stem cells - Answer: live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells - undifferentiated, have no job,
differentiation is the process of the cell becoming specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice
to become blood cells, cancer is undifferentiated cells in body BESIDES in bone marrow
,osmosis - Answer: -inside cell have water and some solutes
-outside of cell have some solutes and water
-WATER moving
-water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It is not the lack of
water that makes water cross over.
-osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull force, determined by how
strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane pulls water over)
-sodium is big water attractor
-albumin (protein) attracted to water
-when you don't have a lot of albumin in Blood stream, then osmotic pressure will be low.
-do not require energy - passive
diffusion - Answer: -solutes
-more on one side, so go on other side
-balance things out
-do not require energy - passive
energy - Answer: Plan A: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in
mitochondria, a lot of ATP and no byproduct.
Plan B: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and outcome is 2 ATP and
get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has to be temporary.
sodium/potassium pump - Answer: active process, need energy to make this happen. Lives on the
surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical and chemical messages to other cells.
Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is inside the cell -. imbalance, tension results which creates
resting potential. The pump works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell
membrane and solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium floods inside of cell), this
is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the cell will burst and die. So the pump now kicks
everyone back - need ATP.
Atrophy - Answer: decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is
immobilized in a cast for several weeks.
,Dysplasia - Answer: concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present, rate of mitosis is
increased. Precancerous. Ex: Pap smear tests for this on cervical cells.
Hyperplasia - Answer: increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Ex: uterine
enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor
Metaplasia - Answer: when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. ex: callus or
change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers.
Anaplasia - Answer: full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell
structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant tumors
Hypoxia - Answer: reduced oxygen in the TISSUE.
-interferes with ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the cell membrane as
well as loss of cell functions.
hypoxemia - Answer: reduced oxygen in BLOOD, which will also result in hypoxia
Ischemia - Answer: blockage that impedes blood flow
Necrosis - Answer: explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't have time to do
apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane is broken, damages surrounding cells,
start to become cell lysis - breaking down
Apoptosis - Answer: programmed cell death, a normal occurrence, cell membrane intact, performs auto-
digestion, lysosome release acidic enzymes inside cell, hurts no surrounding cells
Gangrene - Answer: infection of necrotic tissue
hydrostatic pressure - Answer: the push force within a blood vessel, think blood pressure, pressure
inside of blood vessels, if we have increased hydrostatic pressure, water has to go somewhere so water
exits the vessels and sits in tissues = edema
, decrease in osmotic pressure - Answer: the pull force or the attraction force, what attracts water to stay
in our blood stream (salt and albumin), when decreased, maybe dont have enough salt or albumin, so
no water is attracted to blood vessels, so water sits in tissues instead
increase in capillary permeability - Answer: ability to allow things in and out. Blood vessels are lined with
special epithelial cells and their jobs is to keep things out and inside blood stream, barrier. When we
need water to leave blood stream (inflammation - need water to leave blood stream to hurt area)
epithelial cells space out to allow things like water and WBC's to leave the blood stream and go to the
injured site, causes edema
edema - Answer: excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes swelling, or
enlargement of tissues.
What are 4 causes of edema? - Answer: 1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. Loss of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, decrease in osmotic pressure
3. Obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
4. Increased capillary permeability
hypovolemia - Answer: low volume in the blood
What are 5 causes of hypovolemia - Answer: 1. Vomiting and diarrhea
2. Excessive sweating with loss of sodium or water
3. Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of fluid, electrolytes, and glucose in urine
4. Insufficient water intake
5. Use of a concentrated formula in an infant
ICF - Answer: intracellular fluid
ecf - Answer: extracellular fluid
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