Exam (elaborations)
NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 1 Questions and Answers
- Course
- Institution
NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 1 Questions and Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 1Questions and Answers
Steps of the Action Potential - Answers -Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
Depolarization - Answers -movement of the intracellular charge towards zero (more
positive charge)
Voltage gated Na channels open and allow Na to enter the cell -> voltage inside the cell
moves towards zero
Repolarization - Answers -Once the intracellular charge reaches zero, the negative
polarity of the inside of the cell is restored back to its baseline of -70 to -85 mV
-Na channels close, K channels open
Hyperpolarization - Answers -when the cell's resting membrane potential is greater than
-85mV. Is less excitable, because there is a greater distance between the resting
membrane potential and the threshold potential.
In order for the action potential to be sucessful - Answers -t has to depolarize by 15-20
mV (threshold potential) to reach -55 to -65 mV.
An alteration in action potential may result from - Answers -neurologic diseases, muscle
disease or electrolyte imbalances.
What is the main protein responsible for maintaining the correct balance of extracellular
Na and intracellular K, which is needed for cellular excitation and membrane
conductivity. - Answers -Na+-K+ ATPase
Resting membrane potential - Answers -when the cell is in a nonexcited state and is at -
70 to -85 mV.
Refractory Period - Answers -is a period of time during most of the action potential
which the cell membrane resists stimulation and it cannot depolarize
Absolute refractory period - Answers -occurs when the membrane will not respond to
ANY stimulus no matter how strong.
,Relative Refractory Period - Answers -occurs when the membrane is repolarizing and
will only respond to a very strong stimulus.
Hyperpolarized - Answers -when the cell's resting membrane potential is greater than -
85mV.
Is less excitable, because there is a greater distance between the resting membrane
potential and the threshold potential.
Hypopolarized - Answers -when the cell's resting membrane potential is closer to zero,
for instance it is -65mV.
Is more excitable because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold
potential, there is less distance between them.
Action potential altered by hypokalemia - Answers -(serum outside of cell is low)
-Hyperpolarized (cell becomes more negative, ex: -100)
-Affects the resting membrane potential of cells
-The cell is less likely to depolarize and transmit impulses
Can cause a decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesias, and cardiac dysrhythmias
Action potential altered by hyperkalemia - Answers -Hypopolarized
-Also has an effect on the resting membrane potential
-If the ECF potassium increases without any change in the ICF potassium levels, the
resting membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive.
-The cells are more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and more quickly
because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential. Therefore,
the person will have peak T waves on EKG.
-As potassium rises, the resting membrane potential will continue to become more
positive and it will eventually become equal to the threshold potential. As this happens
the EKG will show a widening QRS complex. If the resting membrane potential equals
the threshold potential, an action potential will not be generated and cardiac standstill
will occur. Paralysis and paresthesias may also occur.
Action potential altered by hypocalcemia - Answers --Causes an increase in the cell
permeability to Na causing a progressive depolarization
-Causes the RMP and the TP to be closer to one another & making it easier to initiate
an action potential - the cells are more excitable.
-Results in tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures, dysrhythmias
Action potential altered by hypercalcemia - Answers --Causes a decrease in cell
permeability to Na
-Causes the RMP and the TP to increase in distance - the cells are less excitable and
requires more of a stimulus to initiate an action potential.
-Leads to weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, a
shortened QT segment and depressed widened T waves on EKG.
, Atrophy - Answers -decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction of the intracellular
contents, also includes a self-eating process called autophagy.
-Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size after childbirth
Hypertrophy - Answers -increase in the size of cells, which ultimately increases the size
of the organ
-Etiology: triggers include repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, volume overload
-Pathophysiology: hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand, which
increases the cellular protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
myofilaments, and mitochondria
Hyperplasia - Answers --increase in number of cells, not the size of the cell, which
results from an increased rate of cell division, it can only happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis *
-Etiology: results from the production of growth factors which stimulate cells to produce
new cellular contents and divide
Dysplasia - Answers --abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature
cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
-Disordered cell growth and is mainly found in epithelial tissue of the uterine cervix, the
endometrium, GI and respiratory tract mucosa,
-Ex: pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix, uterine cells
Referred to as atypical hyperplasia - Answers -dysplasia - abnormal changes in size,
shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Metaplasia - Answers --reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another
adult cell
-Etiology: found in tissue damage, repair, and regeneration
-Results from the exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation. If the
influences that cause the cellular changes remain present, they can induce a malignant
change in the cells
-Ex: most common is the change from columnar cells to squamous cells - this occurs in
chronic smokers or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
Physiologic Example of Hyperplasia - Answers --Occurs when there is an increase in
tissue mass after damage or partial resection, allowing the organ to regenerate
Ex - removal of part of the liver and the cells regenerating, uterine and mammary gland
enlargement occur during pregnancy to meet the demands of the increased work load,
callus on foot
Ex: (Hormonal) Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy.
Pathological Example of Hyperplasia - Answers --Is an abnormal proliferation of normal
cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller millyphilip. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now