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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions and Answers
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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + Practice Questions and Answers
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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 SkeletalOutlines + Practice Questions and
Answers
How iidoes iiblood iiflow iithrough iithe iiheart iichambers/valves?
Superior iivena iicava iito iiinferior iivena iicave. iiBlood iithen iienters iithe iiright iiatrium iiand iipasses
iithrough iithe iitricuspid iivalve iito iithe iiright iiventricle. iiThe iiright iiventricle iipumps iithe iiblood iito iithe
iilungs iithrough iithe iipulmonary iivalve iito iithe iipulmonary iiarteries iiwhere iiit iibecomes iioxygenated.
iiThe iioxygenated iiblood iiis iibrought iiback iito iithe iiheart iiby iithe iipulmonary iiveins iiwhich iienter iithe
iileft iiatrium. iiFrom iithe iileft iiatrium iiblood iiflows iithrough iithe iibicuspid ii(mitral) iivalve iiinto iithe iileft
iiventricle.
Which iicoronary iiarteries iiprovide iiblood iito iiwhich iipart iiof iithe iiheart?
a. ii) iiLeft iicoronary iiartery
i.) iiLeft iianterior iidescending iiartery:widow iimaker
LV iiand iiRV, iiintraventricular iiseptum
ii. ii) iiCircumflex: iiLA iiand iileft iilateral iiwall iiof iiLV.
b. ii) iiRight iicoronary iiartery
RV, iiintraventricular iisulcus iiand iismall iivessels iiof iithe iiRV iiand iiLV
What iifactors iicontribute iito iiblood iiflow iiin iia iivessel?
Pressure iidifference iibetween iitwo iiends iiof iia iivessel
Resistance: iir/t iidiameter iiof iia iivessel
Viscosity ii(n) iiof iithe iiblood
Length ii(l) iiof iithe iivessel
What iidoes iiQP: iiQS iimean iiand iiwhat iifactors iialter iia iinormal iiratio?
,Q=blood iiflow
QP= iiblood iiflow iito iithe iilungs ii(pulmonary) ii: iiQS= iiblood iiflow iito iithe iibody ii(systemic)
i ii) iiVascular iiresistance ii=measures iiin iiwoods iiunits
ii) iiPulmonary iivascular iiresistance ii(PVR)
1. ii) ii<8 iiweeks iiof iiage: ii8-10 iiwoods iiunits/m2
2. ii) ii>8 iiweeks iiof iiage: ii1-3 iiwoods iiunits/m2
iii) iiSystemic iivascular iiresistance
1. ii) iiInfant ii10-15 iiwoods iiunits/m2
2.) ii1-2 iiyears iiold: ii15-20 iiwoods iiunits/m2
3.) iiChild iito iiadult: ii15-30 iiwoods iiunits/m2
a) iiFactors iiaffecting iiresistance
i.) iiCompliance-ease iithat iiblood iitravels iithrough iithe iiarteries
1. iiConstriction iiand iirelaxation iiof iismooth iimuscle iiof iiarteries iiand iiarterioles
a. ii) iiSympathetic iinervous iisystem
b.) iiLocal iitissue iimetabolism
c.) iiHormone iiresponses
d.) iiChanges iiin iichemical iienvironment
Explain iithe iiprocess iiof iicardiac iicontraction iiand iirelaxation.
What iiare iithe iiroles iiof iiactin, iimyosin, iiand iitroponin iiin iithis iiprocess?
At iirest, iiactive iisites iion iiactin iiare iiblocked iiby iitroponin iiand iitropomyosin iicomplexes. iiDuring
iiaction iipotential, iitroponin iiC iibinds iiwith iicalcium iiand iimoves iithe iicomplexes iioff iithe iiactin iiactive
iisite. iiActin iiand iimyosin iiinteract ii(contract).
"Walk-along" iitheory:
Head iiof iimyosin iicross-bridge iiattached iito iithe iiactin iifilament iiat iithe iiactive iisite.
Intra iimolecular iiforces iicause iithe iimyosin iihead iito iitilt iiforward iion iia iiflexible iihinge iiand iidrag iithe
iiactin iifilament iiwith iiit ii(power iistroke)
Myosin iihead iibreaks iiaway iiand iiinteracts iiwith iithe iinext iiactin iiactive iisite.
Z iidisc iipulls iifilaments iitogether iiat iithe iisarcomeres= iimuscle iicontraction.
What iiis iithe iieffect iiof iiEpinephrine iion iithe iicardiovascular iisystem?
Stronger iiAlpha ii1 iithan iiAlpha ii2. iiWorks iion iiboth, iiequally iistrong iion iiBeta ii1 ii(renin iirelease), iiand
iiBeta ii2. iiPositive iiinotrope. iiIncreases iiheart iirate, iismooth iimuscle iicontraction, iimyocardial
iicontractility, iicoronary iiflow, iiincrease iisystolic iiblood iipressure, iimild iiincrease iiin iidiastolic iiblood
iipressure.
What iiis iithe iieffect iiof iiNorepinephrine iion iithe iicardiovascular iisystem?
,Slightly iistronger iiAlpha ii2 iithan iiAlpha ii1. iiSome iieffect iion iiBeta ii1, iinone iion iiBeta ii2. iiStrong
iivasoconstriction ii(smooth iimuscle iicontraction). iiIncrease iicoronary iiflow, iiincrease iisystolic iiand
iisome iidiastolic iiBP.
What iiis iithe iieffect iiof iiDopamine iion iithe iicardiovascular iisystem?
Positive iiinotrope. iiIncreases iiHR, iiincreases iiBP ii(vasoconstriction) iiAlpha ii1, ii2, iibeta ii1 iiand
iidopamine iireceptors)
What iiis iithe iiprocess iiof iigenerating iia iicardiac iiaction iipotential?
What iielectrolytes iiare iiinvolved?
0-Depolarization
1-Early iirepolarization
Rapid iisodium iientering iithe iicell
2. iiPlateau ii(repolarization)
Slow iisodium iiand iicalcium iienters iithe iicell
3. iiPotassium iimoves iiout iiof iithe iicells
4. iiReturn iito iiresting iipotential
Sodium, iiCalcium, iiPotassium
What iiis iithe iiconduction iipathway?
SA iiNode, iiAV iiNode, iiBundle iiof iiHis, iiRight ii& iiLeft iiBundle iiBranches, iiPerkinje iiFibers
How iidoes iiconduction iicorrelate iiwith iithe iiEKG iiand iiactivity iiin iithe iiheart?
P-wave: iispread iiof iidepolarization iithrough iithe iiatria iifollowed iiby iiatrial iicontraction.
P-R iiinterval: iipause iiin iiconduction iiat iithe iiA-V iinode
QRS iicomplex: iiDepolarization iiof iithe iiventricle, iifollowed iiby iiventricular iicontraction
T iiwave: iidepolarization iiof iithe iiventricles, iihappens iijust iibefore iithe iiend iiof iiventricular iicontraction
Define iipreload.
Volume iiof iiblood iireturning iito iithe iiheart iifrom iisystemic iicirculations. iiRA iipressure iior iiCVP
Define iiafterload.
Systemic iipressure=the iipressure iithe iiheart iimust iipump iiagainst iito iicirculate iiblood=MAP
, Define iistroke iivolume.
Amount iiof iiblood iiejected iiwith iieach iicontraction iiof iithe iiheart
Define iiend-diastolic iivolume.
Amount iiof iiblood iiin iithe iiheart iiafter iifilling, iibefore iisystole ii(end iiof iidiastole)
Define iiend-systolic iivolume.
Amount iiof iiblood iithat iiremains iiin iithe iiheart iiafter iisystole
Define iiejection iifaction.
Percentage iiof iiblood iiin iithe iichamber iithat iiis iiejected iiwith iieach iisystole
Define iicardiac iioutput.
Amount iiof iiblood iipumped iiinto iithe iiaorta iieach iiminute
What iiare iithe iicauses, iirisk iifactors, iipathophysiology iiand iimanifestations iiof iiatrial iifibrillation?
Risk iifactors/causes: iiHeart iifailure, iiischemic iiheart iidisease, iiHTN, iiobesity, iiobstructive iisleep iiapnea,
iirheumatic iiheart iidisease, iithyroid iidisease
Patho: iiRemodeling iiof iithe iimyocytes iiof iithe iimyocardium-atria iidoes iinot iifully iicontract iito iiempty
iicontents. iiEstimated ii25% iiloss iiof iiblood iifrom iithe iiartia iito iiventricle.
Manifestations: iiFatigue, iidizziness, iidyspnea, iiirregular iipulse, iipalpitations.
Untreated: iiat iirisk iifor iithrombus iiformation iiand iistroke
What iiare iithe iicauses, iirisk iifactors, iipathophysiology iiand iimanifestations iiof iipremature iiventricular
iicontractions ii(PVCs)?
Risk iifactors/causes: iiAbnormal iielectrolytes ii(hypokalemia, iihypercalcemia), iihypoxia, iiaging, iiinduction
iiof iianesthesia, iicentral iiline iiplacement, iicardiac iicath, iicaffeine iiintake, iidrug iiuse, iiexercise.
Patho: iiDecreased iicardiac iioutput iifrom iilack iiof iiatrial iicontribution iito iiventricular iipreload
Manifestations: iifluttering, iipound, iipalpitations
What iiis iithe iirole iiof iilipproteins?
Lipoproteins iiinclude iilipids, iiphospholipids, iicholesterol, iiand iitriglycerides.
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